tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-77937413622637076502024-03-22T01:23:33.464-04:00Uncle Sam Wants YOU!Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger22125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-65476187218301880142016-06-05T15:07:00.003-04:002016-06-12T19:18:00.459-04:00Women & War ... A Chronology<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<li><b>American Revolution (1775-1783): </b>Women serve on the battlefield as
nurses, water bearers, cooks, laundresses and saboteurs. Read more about them at the <a href="https://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/spies/2.htm">National Women's History Museum</a> site.</li>
<li><b>War of 1812:</b> Mary Marshall and Mary Allen serve as nurses aboard Commodore Stephen Decatur's ship <i>USS United States</i>. </li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_ax-P5JcUu3iVEnekf56wQujgVu_rXOSppdZmdb9tzSogXPGABUBpxDSnoQlpQzq9ONqpB5O-I4o3CZGHwLtGxdgqMr-IexZd0Y8FaQLXTNleLfkyh6_rIRpiFBqt_cnVM4eBMdK5jA8/s1600/USS+United+States.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_ax-P5JcUu3iVEnekf56wQujgVu_rXOSppdZmdb9tzSogXPGABUBpxDSnoQlpQzq9ONqpB5O-I4o3CZGHwLtGxdgqMr-IexZd0Y8FaQLXTNleLfkyh6_rIRpiFBqt_cnVM4eBMdK5jA8/s320/USS+United+States.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<ul>
<li><b>Mexican War (1846-1848):</b> Females left their mark on this war. On the home front and the battlefront, north and south of the Rio Grande, women served their nation in a variety of ways. Read more at this <a href="https://www.nps.gov/paal/upload/Women%20in%20War.pdf">National Park Service</a> site.</li>
<li>Elizabeth Newcom enlists in Company D of
the Missouri Volunteer Infantry as Bill Newcom. She marches 600 miles from
Missouri to winter camp at Pueblo, Colorado, before she is discovered to be a
woman and discharged.<div style="text-align: right;">
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</li>
<li><b>Civil War (1861-1865): </b>Females on both sides disguise themselves as men in order to serve. Read more at <a href="http://www.civilwarsoldierwomen.blogspot.com/">Soldier-Women of the American Civil War</a>. </li>
<li><b>Christmas Eve 1862:</b> Three nuns from the Catholic order Sisters of the Holy Cross board the <i>USS Red Rover </i>and become the first female nurses to serve aboard a Navy ship<i>.</i></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyoxLwneKvF4v3hywHTB7jU5ZtLsW8z8BVtIjzUiMGDL7VvHixyUDUYeyTiA7JZeGuiy0R7NXE7gXXRoFqqatvtrGMlp5JQ4XrAzKhF4NsdGxhgiu02HUjcJvzw8YsbzcqWwnaO8eoxe8/s1600/USS+Red+Rover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyoxLwneKvF4v3hywHTB7jU5ZtLsW8z8BVtIjzUiMGDL7VvHixyUDUYeyTiA7JZeGuiy0R7NXE7gXXRoFqqatvtrGMlp5JQ4XrAzKhF4NsdGxhgiu02HUjcJvzw8YsbzcqWwnaO8eoxe8/s400/USS+Red+Rover.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<ul>
<li><b>1866:</b> <a href="http://www.biography.com/people/mary-walker-9522110">Dr. Mary Walker</a> receives the Medal of Honor, the only woman to receive the nation's highest military honor. </li>
<li><b>Spanish-American War (1898):</b> Thousands of U.S. soldiers sick with
typhoid, malaria and yellow fever, overwhelm the capabilities of the Army
Medical Department. <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_216.html">Dr. Anita Newcomb McGee</a> suggests to the Army Surgeon
General that the Daughters of the American Revolution<span style="font-size: x-small;"> (DAR)</span> be appointed to
select professionally qualified nurses to serve under contract to the U.S. Army.
Before the war ends, 1,500 civilian contract nurses are assigned to Army
hospitals in the U.S., Hawaii, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines, as
well as to the Hospital Ship <i>Relief</i>. Twenty nurses die. The Army appoints
Dr. McGee Acting Assistant Surgeon General, making her the first woman ever to
hold the position. The Army is impressed by the performance of its contract
nurses and asks Dr. McGee to write legislation creating a permanent corps of
nurses.</li>
<li><b>1901:</b> <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Army Nurse Corps</span></b> is established.</li>
<li><b>1908:</b> <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Navy Nurse Corps</span></b> is established.<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5fVQuHDsHzFfdlLxtr3mG3VkAbsvobxLj8JrzN0T8pPe4S5UCgDJPWSdxGzmjJcIv-oy3xCP48o1PUFO50RGF9_j0DzW1W1F3nj7j3PIBqlyZeob-mCE-ZdJAR2ZlZcxlcIM7l-I496E/s1600/Marine+Corp+Women.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5fVQuHDsHzFfdlLxtr3mG3VkAbsvobxLj8JrzN0T8pPe4S5UCgDJPWSdxGzmjJcIv-oy3xCP48o1PUFO50RGF9_j0DzW1W1F3nj7j3PIBqlyZeob-mCE-ZdJAR2ZlZcxlcIM7l-I496E/s200/Marine+Corp+Women.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Some of the First Women Sworn into the<br />
U.S. Marine Corp (August 1918)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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</li>
<li><b>World War I (1917-1918):</b> During the course of the war, 21,480 Army nurses serve in military hospitals in the United States and overseas. Eighteen
African-American Army nurses serve stateside caring for German prisoners of war<span style="font-size: x-small;">
(POWs)</span> and African-American soldiers. The Navy enlists 11,880 women as Yeomen (F) to serve stateside in shore
billets and release sailors for sea duty. More than 1,476 Navy nurses serve in
military hospitals stateside and overseas. The Marine Corps enlists 305 Marine
Reservists (F) to "free men to fight" by filling positions such as
clerks and telephone operators on the home front. Two women serve with the
Coast Guard. More than 400 military nurses die in the line of duty during World
War I. The vast majority of these women die from a highly contagious form of
influenza known as the Spanish Flu, which sweeps through crowded
military camps and hospitals and ports of embarkation.</li>
<li><b>1917: </b>The U.S. Army Signal Corps Female Telephone Operators Unit is formed when 233 bilingual <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">"Hello Girls"</span></b> are recruited and trained to work at switchboards near the front in France. Fifty skilled stenographers are also sent to France to work with the Quartermaster Corps. </li>
<li><b>1918:</b> Private <a href="https://www.blogger.com/1990:%20Cmdr.%20Darlene%20Iskra%20becomes%20the%20first%20woman%20to%20command%20a%20US%20Navy%20ship,%20the%20USS%20Opportune.">Opha May Johnson</a> becomes the first woman to enlist in the Marine Corps Reserve.</li>
<li><b>1920:</b> A provision of the Army
Reorganization Act grants military nurses the status of officers with
"relative rank" from second lieutenant to major (but not full rights
and privileges).<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</li>
<li><b>World War II (1941-1945):</b> More than 60,000 Army nurses serve
stateside and overseas during World War II. Sixty-seven Army nurses are
captured by the Japanese in the Philippines in 1942 and are held as POWs for
over two and a half years. The Army establishes the <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Women's Army Auxiliary
Corps</span></b> <b><span style="font-size: x-small;">(WAAC)</span> </b>in 1942, which is converted to the <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Women's Army Corps </span></b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>(WAC)</b></span> in
1943. More than 150,000 women serve as WACs during the war; thousands are sent
to the European and Pacific theaters. The <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Women's Airforce Service Pilots </span></b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>(WASP)</b></span>
are organized and fly as civil service pilots. WASPs fly stateside missions as
ferriers, test pilots and anti-aircraft artillery trainers. More than 14,000
Navy nurses serve stateside, overseas on hospital ships and as flight nurses
during the war. Five Navy nurses are captured by the Japanese on the island of
Guam and held as POWs for five months before being exchanged. A second group of
eleven Navy nurses are captured in the Philippines and held for 37 months. The
Navy recruits women into its Navy Women's Reserve, called <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Women Accepted for
Volunteer Emergency Service</span></b> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>(WAVES)</b></span>, starting in 1942. Before the war is over,
more than 80,000 WAVES fill shore billets in a large variety of jobs in
communications, intelligence, supply, medicine and administration. The Marine
Corps creates the Marine Corps Women's Reserve in 1943. Marine women serve
stateside as clerks, cooks, mechanics, drivers, and in a variety of other
positions. The <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Coast Guard Women's Reserve</span></b> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>(SPAR)</b></span> ... after the motto Semper Paratus - Always Ready) was established in 1942. SPARs are assigned
stateside and serve as storekeepers, clerks, photographers, pharmacist's mates,
cooks and in numerous other jobs. In 1943, the US Public Health Service
establishes the <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Cadet Nurse Corps</span></b> which trains some 125,000 women for possible
military service. More than 400,000 American military women serve at home and
overseas in nearly all non combat jobs. As the country demobilizes, all but a
few servicewomen are mustered out, even though the United States, now a world
power, is forced to maintain the largest peacetime military in the history of
the nation.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbu3mTJW46DBu5b5UEcXAM0M4JJFqcKtbUNwf24ewAXIzw8nMPi5YwGlO6VZpsL5LlSqQHKaSvxNmr2Xhk-G_O9WVvoTCTmHO4hasUoVEkL-ETIpa1ermakPPGu3HboTI5JtggrDZqB-8/s1600/Army+Navy+Marines.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbu3mTJW46DBu5b5UEcXAM0M4JJFqcKtbUNwf24ewAXIzw8nMPi5YwGlO6VZpsL5LlSqQHKaSvxNmr2Xhk-G_O9WVvoTCTmHO4hasUoVEkL-ETIpa1ermakPPGu3HboTI5JtggrDZqB-8/s320/Army+Navy+Marines.jpg" width="215" /></a></div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b>1943:</b> Colonel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Cheney_Streeter">Ruth Cheney Streeter</a>, first Director of Women Marine Reservists; Captain <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_Lentz&action=edit&redlink=1">Anne Lentz</a>, first commissioned Marine officer; Private <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucille_McClarren&action=edit&redlink=1">Lucille McClarren</a>, first female to enlist in the marines. </div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b>1945:</b> First detachment of women Marines arrives in Hawaii for duty.</div>
</li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b>Korean War (1950-1953):</b> Service women who had joined the Reserves
following World War II are involuntarily recalled to active duty during this war. More than 500 Army nurses serve in the combat zone and many more are
assigned to large hospitals in Japan during the war. One Army nurse dies in a
plane crash en route to Korea on July 27, 1950, shortly after hostilities
begin. Navy nurses serve on hospital ships in the Korean theater of war as well
as at Navy hospitals stateside. Eleven Navy nurses die en route to Korea when
their plane crashes in the Marshall Islands. Air Force nurses serve stateside,
in Japan and as flight nurses in the Korean theater during the conflict. Three
Air Force nurses are killed in plane crashes while on duty. Many other
servicewomen are assigned to duty in the theater of operations in Japan and
Okinawa.</div>
</li>
<li><b>Lebanon Crisis (1958):</b> Military nurses are assigned to the
hospitals which deploy during the crisis to support over 10,000 troops.</li>
<li><b>Vietnam War (1965-1975): </b>Some 7,000 American military women serve
in Southeast Asia, the majority of them nurses. An Army nurse is the only US
military woman to die from enemy fire in Vietnam. An Air Force flight nurse
dies when the C-5A Galaxy transport evacuating Vietnamese orphans she was
aboard crashes on takeoff. Six other American military women die in the line of
duty.</li>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-70721771742425537682016-06-05T15:00:00.000-04:002016-06-10T19:05:17.356-04:00One if by hand ...<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwD6TMs4HE1zphdbhyphenhyphenBtF2WHD5tHhWsEfuVq_EAINv2nIoAgBQU1Z-dlb2IJgohzbzqWMFSkh75l6NPFJ0_w9KQSREcCZPn938RttQifouITpRZ5RfVQkAlHzlTdRG9s_VhkdKeq5degQ/s1600/Students+Copying+Posters.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwD6TMs4HE1zphdbhyphenhyphenBtF2WHD5tHhWsEfuVq_EAINv2nIoAgBQU1Z-dlb2IJgohzbzqWMFSkh75l6NPFJ0_w9KQSREcCZPn938RttQifouITpRZ5RfVQkAlHzlTdRG9s_VhkdKeq5degQ/s400/Students+Copying+Posters.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Port Washington, NY / July 8, 1942<br />
An art assembly line of students copying WWII propaganda posters.<br />
The master poster is hanging on the wall in the background.<span style="background-color: white; color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14.4px;">da</span></td></tr>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-82938947021759799802016-06-03T07:21:00.000-04:002016-06-11T19:08:20.772-04:00Women's Army Corps (WAC)<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">History of the Women's Army Corps</span></b><br />
<i>Information found at www.armywomen.org</i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1xyTijFD0pvFVdo3LwMBvrNjybS2yJZV30PuSJhxuZudMUmq3BHK5S6GXUZVcDoH3zhtXDz-N16Cpnx-_2tMnQn62Gm8J465B2FPB7lcgUs1BSvyWm8PTEstg8qXthxbx0EzSzcUUEsY/s1600/WAC+Poster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1xyTijFD0pvFVdo3LwMBvrNjybS2yJZV30PuSJhxuZudMUmq3BHK5S6GXUZVcDoH3zhtXDz-N16Cpnx-_2tMnQn62Gm8J465B2FPB7lcgUs1BSvyWm8PTEstg8qXthxbx0EzSzcUUEsY/s320/WAC+Poster.jpg" width="207" /></a></div>
<b>The Beginning</b><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Massachusetts Congresswoman Edith Nourse Rogers<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span>introduced the first bill to establish a women's auxiliary in May 1941. On 14 May 1942, Congress approved the creation of a Women's Army Auxiliary Corps </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(WAAC)</span>.</span> Two days later, Mrs. Oveta Culp Hobby (pictured on this poster) was appointed the first Director of the WAAC.<br />
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Five training centers were opened within a year: The first at Fort Des Moines, IA; the second at Daytona Beach, FL; the third at Fort Oglethorpe, GA; the fourth at Fort Devens, MA; and the fifth at Camp Ruston, LA. As an auxiliary of the Army, the WAAC had no military status, so Mrs. Rogers introduced another bill in 1943 to enlist and appoint women in the Army of the United States. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the bill on 1 July 1943 and 90 days later the WAAC was discontinued and replaced by the Women's Army Corps <span style="font-size: x-small;">(WAC)</span>. Colonel Hobby continued as Director of the WAC.<br />
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<b>World War II</b><br />
Six months before women received military status, the first WAAC contingent arrived in Algeria, North Africa. In July 1943, the first WAAC Separate Battalion arrived in England led by Lt. Col. Mary A. Hallaren. Three WACs joined Vice Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten's Southeast Asia Command in New Delhi, India, in October 1943. A WAC platoon arrived in Caserta, Italy in November and a month later another arrived in Cairo, Egypt. January 1944 marked the arrival of the first WACs in the Pacific at New Caledonia. In May a large group arrived in Sydney, Australia.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBTm4CUe6RgMUYpEuM3iUSSVK-lU8qYL9JuXyZWcJriKi2AGzWaODdXenuwentgB4QlWr3hWmDtIY5rWhjii8RfwMEiPkQ8GdZdBoOFGjLy7ZcOecULwNU_OwX2tbYOXzXolcm4R2Ycrc/s1600/My+Eyes+Have+Seen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBTm4CUe6RgMUYpEuM3iUSSVK-lU8qYL9JuXyZWcJriKi2AGzWaODdXenuwentgB4QlWr3hWmDtIY5rWhjii8RfwMEiPkQ8GdZdBoOFGjLy7ZcOecULwNU_OwX2tbYOXzXolcm4R2Ycrc/s320/My+Eyes+Have+Seen.jpg" width="235" /></a></div>
After Victory in Europe <span style="font-size: x-small;">(VE Day)</span> in May 1945 and the surrender of the Japanese in August, the remaining WAC training centers at Fort Oglethorpe and Fort Des Moines closed and no further WAC training was conducted. In February 1946, the War Department began a program aimed at retaining women still in service and re-enlisting those who had served during World War II. Chief of Staff General Dwight D. Eisenhower, announced that he would ask Congress to make the WACS part of the Regular Army and the Organized Reserve Corps. By the end of May 1946, WAC strength had dropped from a wartime high of more than 99,000 to about 21,500 and by the end of May 1948, WAC strength totaled approximately 6,500 women on active duty.<br />
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On 12 June 1948 President Harry S. Truman signed into law the Women's Armed Services Integration Act that permitted women in the Regular Army and the Organized Reserve Corps. A new training Center at Camp Lee, VA was opened in July 1948.<br />
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<b>The Korean War</b><br />
With the beginning of the Korean conflict, women were again needed in greater numbers than in peacetime. In August 1950, many WAC officers and enlisted reservists returned voluntarily on active duty. When more were needed the Army involuntarily recalled a number of reservists on active duty. New WAC detachments were established in Japan and Okinawa to support the men fighting in Korea. A WAC unit was not sent to Korea, but in 1952, a number of individual women filled administrative positions in Pusan and Seoul.<br />
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<b>Vietnam</b><br />
The first WAC officer assigned to Vietnam was Major Anne Marie Doering in March 1962. Two WAC advisors to the Vietnam Women's Army Forces Corps were next to arrive in January 1965: Lt. Col. Kathleen I. Wilkes and master Sergeant Betty L. Adams. They were replaced annually. A WAC detachment with an average strength of 90 enlisted women was located at HQ, U.S. Army, Vietnam, Long Binh, approximately 20 miles from Saigon. The detachment remained there from January 1967 to October 1972 when all U.S. troops began to withdraw from Vietnam. Many enlisted women and WAC officers also served at General Westmoreland's headquarters in Saigon throughout this same period.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8g_2grgIaEcHa-NEu4maMDsV8qlA3XrGJdEW8Igutkig3Qgtt6D8HTgG-Oq9CfFgVeZLGkVeWHxdPm7phxoTSzNtv4EJbXr_aGaXacTg0v4c_t97OaCKQ9TMjN9NWa3VG2EI_s0TziHg/s1600/Love+Beads.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8g_2grgIaEcHa-NEu4maMDsV8qlA3XrGJdEW8Igutkig3Qgtt6D8HTgG-Oq9CfFgVeZLGkVeWHxdPm7phxoTSzNtv4EJbXr_aGaXacTg0v4c_t97OaCKQ9TMjN9NWa3VG2EI_s0TziHg/s320/Love+Beads.jpg" width="245" /></a><br />
<b>Women Generals</b><br />
On 8 November 1967 Congress removed promotion restrictions on women officers, making it possible for women to achieve general officer rank. The first WAC officer to be promoted to Brigadier General Elizabeth P. Hoisington on 11 June 1970, the second was Mildred C. Bailey and the third was Mary E. Clarke. They were the seventh, eighth and ninth (and last) Directors of the WAC, respectively.<br />
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A major expansion of the WAC began in 1972 as a means of helping the Army maintain its required strength after elimination of the draft on 30 June 1973. As a result of a strong recruiting campaign and the opening of all Military Occupational Specialties <span style="font-size: x-small;">(MOS)</span> to women except those involving combat duties, the strength of the WAC increased from 12,260 in 1972 to 52,900 in 1978.<br />
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<b>Innovations in the WAC after 1972</b><br />
Beginning in September 1972, women entered the Reserve Officer Training Corps<span style="font-size: x-small;"> (ROTC)</span>. By May 1981 approximately 40,000 women were enrolled in college and university ROTC programs. On 1 July 1974 all WAC officers were permanently detailed to other branches of the Army (except the combat arms) and the WAC officers career branch was reduced to zero. Defensive weapons training for enlisted women, warrant officers and women officers became a mandatory course in July 1975. The policy also applied to women in the Reserve and National Guard. In the fall of 1977, women began taking the same basic training course as enlisted men and a year later they began training together in the same units. In August 1982, after a four-year trial period, joint training was discontinued. The first women cadets entered the United States Military Academy at West Point in July 1976 and women have graduated with every class since June 1980. To fully utilize barracks space world-wide, separate WAC units were phased out in 1973 and 1974. Enlisted women continued to be housed separately to insure privacy in sleeping and bat facilities, but they are jointly administered by one commander and cadre group. The WAC Center and School closed in December 1976. A home for the Women's Army Corps Museum was constructed at Fort McClellan, AL in 1977 with funds donated by WAC personnel and their friends. With the closing of Fort McClellan, a new museum will be built at Fort Lee, VA.<br />
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<b>Women's Army Corps Discontinued</b><br />
As a means of assimilating women more closely into the structure of the Army and to eliminate any feeling of separateness from it, the office of the Director, WAC was discontinued on 26 April 1978. The Women's Army Corps as a separate corps of the Army was disestablished on 29 October 1978 by an Act of Congress.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-54033366480269369622016-06-03T07:20:00.002-04:002016-06-10T10:38:14.959-04:00WAC Grades & Pay<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn7qtIIG-yOr6RKjb1_buFq6_zPa962fnwLiSeOTJRiSDCZt50yC_-Nfe5FQZ-CxLCfK5tjcsnYnqf5XseLZ4u-omM1Yghg4drzizTPxhTeL1dGTbTvD1siAAcnHHj1IA5nb-v5GRhq4o/s1600/Your+Daughter+in+the+WAC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn7qtIIG-yOr6RKjb1_buFq6_zPa962fnwLiSeOTJRiSDCZt50yC_-Nfe5FQZ-CxLCfK5tjcsnYnqf5XseLZ4u-omM1Yghg4drzizTPxhTeL1dGTbTvD1siAAcnHHj1IA5nb-v5GRhq4o/s320/Your+Daughter+in+the+WAC.jpg" width="310" /></a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-31549935288808207012016-06-03T07:19:00.002-04:002016-06-11T19:19:10.041-04:00Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES)<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">History of the WAVES</span></b><br />
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<i>Found at http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1708.html</i></div>
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Throughout World War II women contributed to the war effort in various fields of endeavor. Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service <span style="font-size: x-small;">(WAVES)</span>, a unit of the U.S. Naval Reserve, was one such field. Their numerous contributions proved to be a vital asset to winning the war as well as proving that mixed-gender forces could be successful.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirt4vA2R2wtKVwnj26Yd1QExbTebZGGa2xclNRuz3xZXiYAfcdku8zSU2jb2ZhNbmtnZI7bz8eZe-iBI7yJx0Qe_Pxdy2Y7eBWdFIiaxUy-BKJBqYKWFqH94vs19DXSzagGOO2uWdElJ4/s1600/WAVES.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirt4vA2R2wtKVwnj26Yd1QExbTebZGGa2xclNRuz3xZXiYAfcdku8zSU2jb2ZhNbmtnZI7bz8eZe-iBI7yJx0Qe_Pxdy2Y7eBWdFIiaxUy-BKJBqYKWFqH94vs19DXSzagGOO2uWdElJ4/s320/WAVES.jpg" width="222" /></a></div>
A nudge from Eleanor Roosevelt prompted the Navy to consider a women’s reserve corps. Congress was slow to recognize the need for women in the navy, but President Roosevelt realized that servicewomen would be a wartime plus, and signed the corps into law on July 30, 1942. Mildred McAfee, president of Wellesley College, was sworn in as a naval reserve lieutenant commander, the first female commissioned officer of the U.S. Navy and the first director of the WAVES.</div>
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By early August 1942 a great number of women from every state applied for the general navy service positions offered in Bainbridge, MD. The intensive 12-week training course entailed eight-hour days of classroom study. The women, equivalent to yeomen, were trained to perform secretarial and clerical functions. The first class consisted of 644 women, and subsequent classes produced a maximum of 1,250 graduates. The results exceeded expectations; by fall 1942, the U.S. Navy had produced a record 10,000 women for active service.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYKmuzV8o7Ojn-C2q2WwTbiRDWbzPwZ41ppIO0YxoGuZPCjX-EqTEBrwzkAofrvP-MeCa5FZAOFaRH_zVYvlAfeHzaimerUcpTONCQ9vGXhxkvwJ9EYczXd1fXC-n1MGzFiLDM1vSC9oU/s1600/WAVES+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYKmuzV8o7Ojn-C2q2WwTbiRDWbzPwZ41ppIO0YxoGuZPCjX-EqTEBrwzkAofrvP-MeCa5FZAOFaRH_zVYvlAfeHzaimerUcpTONCQ9vGXhxkvwJ9EYczXd1fXC-n1MGzFiLDM1vSC9oU/s320/WAVES+2.jpg" width="217" /></a></div>
Later serving in a wide range of occupations, the WAVES performed jobs in the aviation community, medical professions, science, technology and communications. The Navy established the WAVES to perform the same assignments as the WACs with such duties as control tower operations. For that position the preferred candidate had to meet the following criteria, to be and to have:</div>
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<li>25 to 30 years old</li>
<li>20/20 vision</li>
<li>normal auditory acuity</li>
<li>speaking ability</li>
<li>quick reactions in stressful situations.</li>
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Recognizing their natural talents and the ability to perform as well or better than men, the Bureau of Aeronautics restricted aviator operator positions to the WAVES in the fall of 1942.<br />
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WAVES were not eligible for combat duty, so as more men went off to war, positions in other fields became available. While attending parachute school at Naval Air Station Lakehurst, NJ, Kathleen Robertson influenced Navy policy when she went beyond her normal duties of inspecting, repairing and packing parachutes. While the Navy required the men to test the parachutes, Kathleen impressed them when she successfully and happily executed a jump. Thereafter a WAVE parachute rigger could jump, but was not required to do so. At least one third of the WAVES were assigned to naval aviation duties during World War II.<br />
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While women filled in where needed, which released men into combat, that reality was not favorable to some. Men with stateside assignments did not automatically want to go into combat overseas. Civilian women did not want their husbands, brothers, sons or fathers to go off to war. As a result, WAVES were often resented. Other controversies followed when WAVE enlistees were pasted with the stereotype that they were too masculine — or the worst calumny, government-sanctioned prostitutes. Despite public relation challenges, the Navy continued to depict female service members as serious, noble, feminine and patriotic.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwu5FjAs4uhYQ8RcDbY-_K7omd7J8mjH8z4LHit9rtYths2knWS2AubIHJdB1_GA8Z5QdTw-eJPvOiLth7GSk4uU2v93wHWR4nE1naSMhnMoDCMDu4J9Dpp0Fh0kDWzmS4IrWWXLmbD_0/s1600/Enlist+in+the+Waves.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwu5FjAs4uhYQ8RcDbY-_K7omd7J8mjH8z4LHit9rtYths2knWS2AubIHJdB1_GA8Z5QdTw-eJPvOiLth7GSk4uU2v93wHWR4nE1naSMhnMoDCMDu4J9Dpp0Fh0kDWzmS4IrWWXLmbD_0/s320/Enlist+in+the+Waves.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
The WAVES' assignments remained stateside, or in Alaska and Hawaii. Publicity depicted their numerous contributions, which indirectly made combat victories possible. Their diverse images, portrayed on posters, in magazines, and on billboards were not only morale boosters, but also encouraged other women to enlist. The Navy did come under fire for excluding African-American women from the ranks.*<br />
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A final attraction to join the WAVES became reality when the Navy awarded women equal pay and rank in October 1943. WAVES were now subject to the same regulations and requirements for promotions as men. That created a huge incentive for women to enlist and, within a year, 27,000 women wore the WAVES uniform.<br />
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The U.S. Navy regulated all aspects of the WAVES' physical appearance. In 1944, Josephine Forrestal, wife of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, asked noted fashion designer Main Rousseau Bocher to create a stylish uniform. He then donated his designs to the navy for the WAVES. Each enlistee was given four uniforms: summer greys, summer dress whites, working blues, and of course, dress blues. Navy regulations specified that WAVES should wear their hair short, and they were encouraged to wear feminine hair dos, skirts and gloves. The uniform regulations were specific, and frequent surprise inspections were standard procedure.<br />
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The Navy provided cryptology classes at several colleges for some WAVES; students received their code training in a three-month course at Smith College in Massachusetts. Those whose test scores were high were sent straight to work in Washington, D.C. Women accepted into the cryptologic field were sworn to secrecy, and the penalty for discussing their work outside proper channels — considered to be an act of treason in time of war — could be death.<br />
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To maintain secrecy, the Navy told the WAVES as little as possible. Approximately 600 newly inducted WAVES were sent to Dayton, Ohio, along with 200 men, to help build and train on cryptanalytic bombes. Used to break coded German messages, that equipment contained intricate works. The WAVES performed secret tasks by soldering wires to the rotors, with another WAVE soldering on the opposite side, thus maintaining the secrecy of the rotary wirings, because no individual WAVE would have knowledge of both sides. Such work was another illustration that non-combat missions were not only vital to the war effort, but that detailed work by women could be invaluable.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWY0Ln11LL99mFRSn2zU6T7xOtci8WkNvvZxY0Vt9R9aI2pDEQAeRwcy8JBWDMtfl01yWgAEs1PdqywSu-AcwNfc9V-tN9K3vaIT1noJbSn9icxCAKYcBjhq0nKL3j71zw5BCifZTQW7s/s1600/Waves+3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWY0Ln11LL99mFRSn2zU6T7xOtci8WkNvvZxY0Vt9R9aI2pDEQAeRwcy8JBWDMtfl01yWgAEs1PdqywSu-AcwNfc9V-tN9K3vaIT1noJbSn9icxCAKYcBjhq0nKL3j71zw5BCifZTQW7s/s1600/Waves+3.gif" /></a></div>
WAVES were often assigned to such less desirable shifts as nights and weekends.Shift work, with women working around the clock, exerted adverse effects on their health. WAVE sleeping quarters comprised several barracks that housed more than 4,000 WAVES. Eighty-four women shared one large room, sleeping in bunk beds and storing their belongings in nearby steel lockers. It became apparent to the Navy that better living conditions would foster higher morale and improve health conditions. The living quarters were subsequently enlarged to create more privacy and better accommodate the WAVES with their challenging work schedules.</div>
<div>
Recruiting ended in 1945 with a peak enrollment of 86,000 servicewomen. By the time World WAR II ended, more than 8,000 female officers and at least 75,000 enlisted WAVES had served their country. The WAVES' duties had included everything from patching bullet holes in a naval boat to performing engine checks on a seaplane.<br />
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The WAVES' status was uncertain at war's end. With the passage of the Women’s Armed Services Integration Act, the WAVES became a permanent component of the Navy until 1978. At that time, separate women’s units of the armed forces were integrated into the former all-male units.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjDuXi45zzs1rucK0BspWNf7_Oue_ct3lRhQ-j6tEWAS9FjXKIxsMZQVUnyXp809JyDt1Uqaw87sakh1uciTHmHUZ84z4SDAzKWAz-PujOYc99RB4rsZrNhUWu0GE1l98Ybm_JJu5fa0E/s1600/Waves+4.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjDuXi45zzs1rucK0BspWNf7_Oue_ct3lRhQ-j6tEWAS9FjXKIxsMZQVUnyXp809JyDt1Uqaw87sakh1uciTHmHUZ84z4SDAzKWAz-PujOYc99RB4rsZrNhUWu0GE1l98Ybm_JJu5fa0E/s400/Waves+4.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
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Accepted by some, rejected by others, the WAVES who served their country</div>
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during World War II are still recognized and appreciated by Americans today. Their contributions earned the respect of society and laid part of the foundation for the women’s movement.<br />
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*President Truman signed an executive order to racially integrate the armed services in 1947,</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-83065388077540357842016-06-03T07:18:00.000-04:002016-06-10T10:41:37.052-04:00WAVE Grades & Pay<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGxDGvErFAW04bPEYfbJtUNwfYHwJD-GC06nsjIpbI6k_l9oN_hCny33r8syoqdjEqzJAlLpfUxOhfca2YlrfcLgZazM6lYCtFbT7kvuwgWsdlXPEKqkqEXIpBlOLvvJw4MXjU7MOU2p8/s1600/Waves+Earn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGxDGvErFAW04bPEYfbJtUNwfYHwJD-GC06nsjIpbI6k_l9oN_hCny33r8syoqdjEqzJAlLpfUxOhfca2YlrfcLgZazM6lYCtFbT7kvuwgWsdlXPEKqkqEXIpBlOLvvJw4MXjU7MOU2p8/s400/Waves+Earn.jpg" width="250" /></a></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-86292648317793501882016-06-03T07:15:00.000-04:002016-06-11T20:32:48.314-04:00Women's Airforce Service Pilots (WASP)<b style="color: #cc0000;">History of the Women Airforce Service Pilots</b><br />
<div>
<b style="color: #cc0000;"><br /></b></div>
<b><span style="color: #444444;">“The success of the WASP program within the Ferrying Division was due largely to Nancy Love’s ability to organize, to lead and to cooperate with the “powers that be” within the Division. She had the respect of all with whom she worked, smoothly and efficiently from its start in September 1942 until de-activation in late December 1944.”</span></b> ~ Betty Huyler Gillies, WAF, 1976<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi93DJvyuVKgdzqL_K4wxM4Gtxtg2cuX0zNBXzSOT_2jWalFingR0xS0MTXj-IslM1ZkOWJXCqjfuwp8onBHjipsAV1A7kZZkFJ3CkUuqzSw987TFPRf_mTy1uo3g3y3H57zMA6I3UatKA/s1600/Jackie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi93DJvyuVKgdzqL_K4wxM4Gtxtg2cuX0zNBXzSOT_2jWalFingR0xS0MTXj-IslM1ZkOWJXCqjfuwp8onBHjipsAV1A7kZZkFJ3CkUuqzSw987TFPRf_mTy1uo3g3y3H57zMA6I3UatKA/s200/Jackie.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jackie Cochran</td></tr>
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In September 1939, a day after German tanks rolled into Poland, Jacqueline <i>My Day</i> stating, “We are in a war and we need to fight it with all our ability and every weapon possible. Women pilots, in this particular case, are a weapon waiting to be used.”<br />
Cochran, a brassy no-nonsense business woman and record-setting pilot, sent a letter to First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, outlining the valuable contributions she felt women pilots could make in case the United States entered the war. Jackie envisioned a women’s air corps that would handle almost any noncombat flying job, thereby releasing men for duty overseas. Intrigued with Jackie’s idea, the First Lady told the nation about it in her regular newspaper column, <br />
<br />
In May of 1940, twenty-six year old Nancy Harkness Love wrote Gen. Bob Olds, organizer of the Air Transport Command <span style="font-size: x-small;">(ATC)</span>, with a plan to use women pilots to ferry planes for the ATC. At first the idea of using women pilots was dismissed but by 1942, as the shortage of male pilots became acute, Gen. Olds decided the time was right to put Love’s plan into action. Most of his colleagues including Maj. William Tunner, commander of the Ferrying Division, were skeptical or flatly believed that women were incapable of flying military aircraft.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYw1c-OLBccGNr2X7sB2axpNrBogAEiWHAdA66UeK8dFr5lRQKAbGq87eBnli7BcMyZlX0QOhQ5d_pDfSZsXNeDNwwhyphenhyphenTQEH2YrWbI-2pD1ZoIOI8AmtDbUA_7fmRQbu2uzQSZV9g1lQE/s1600/Nancy+Harkness.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYw1c-OLBccGNr2X7sB2axpNrBogAEiWHAdA66UeK8dFr5lRQKAbGq87eBnli7BcMyZlX0QOhQ5d_pDfSZsXNeDNwwhyphenhyphenTQEH2YrWbI-2pD1ZoIOI8AmtDbUA_7fmRQbu2uzQSZV9g1lQE/s200/Nancy+Harkness.jpg" width="162" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nancy Harkness Love</td></tr>
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Throughout 1940 and 1941, Cochran continued to advocate for a separate women’s air corps, with a woman commander at the helm. During that same time, Nancy Harkness Love, the youngest woman in the U.S. to earn her private pilot’s license and qualify for a commercial license, wrote to the Army Air Forces suggesting that qualified women serve in some form. Nancy wrote, “I’ve been able to find 49 women pilots I can rate as excellent material … and there are probably at least 15 more that are up to handling pretty complicated stuff.” While few agreed with Nancy, others in the Army Air Forces thought she was on to something, but the idea of women in the cockpit of military aircraft was too radical a concept for serious consideration.<br />
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While Jackie and Nancy were proposing basically the same ideas about women flying for the military, women across the country were gearing up to earn flight hours. After all, this was the age of aviation discovery and women were proving themselves in the skies. Amelia Earhart had opened the doors for women as young female fliers were following her feats in the skies. Earhart had demonstrated that women could fly and that there was more than enough room in the skies for both male and female pilots. At the same time, experienced women flyers like Teresa James were barnstorming across the country and Cornelia Fort was teaching others how to fly.<br />
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By 1942 everything was changing. Women were becoming vital to the war effort, and newspapers, magazines, radio addresses and movies were neither letting women nor America forget. During the Depression women had been encouraged to stay at home. But wartime propaganda was pervasive encouraging women go to work “for the duration.” They were urged to join the struggle for freedom and democracy and “to make the world secure for their children.”<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHi1OnJKgYhNPASsNqO1HLMuLEddlGBNZ7hbdpoEshNt4Rahw4Fdvl4zQcaJZPwhzu0SSicOTSL3ZDE2h7uk3IizAs7VuK7M71SQdjAKMghb-izIOKz3r4mGDP4qKclUQAC191VFNcIT0/s1600/Day+in+the+Life+of+a+Wasp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHi1OnJKgYhNPASsNqO1HLMuLEddlGBNZ7hbdpoEshNt4Rahw4Fdvl4zQcaJZPwhzu0SSicOTSL3ZDE2h7uk3IizAs7VuK7M71SQdjAKMghb-izIOKz3r4mGDP4qKclUQAC191VFNcIT0/s400/Day+in+the+Life+of+a+Wasp.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 16px;">WASP Special Delivery by Gil Cohen<br />
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<span style="background-color: #f5f4e0; color: #1d2522; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">During the late Autumn of 1944 on the tarmac of the Lockheed Aircraft Plant in Burbank, California, a group of four Women’s Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) are gathered around their flight leader. She is kneeling and pointing to a significant rendezvous point on an aerial map, reinforcing the path of the WASP flight plan. Their mission is to ferry five P-38 Lightning fighters to a port of embarkation where the planes will be shipped to bases overseas.</span></td></tr>
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Women were replacing men in nearly every area and assuming the full responsibilities of citizenship for the first time. Nearly 400,000 women would serve in the various branches of the military during World War II. For two years prior to the war there had been discussions about using women in routine jobs, but military officials weren’t sure how to deal with females in what had traditionally been an exclusively male domain. By the spring of 1942, a growing manpower shortage, particularly in jobs women were already doing in civilian life like clerks, typists and switchboard operators forced a change in thinking. Male enlistments were starting to drop. Every community in the nation turned to draft boards to secure young men for the armed services.<br />
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The United States was building its air power and military presence in anticipation of direct involvement in the war and began to expand its enlistment of male cadets. This period had led to a dramatic increase in activity for the U.S. Army Air Forces, and revealed obvious gaps in manpower that could be filled by women. However, it was not until after the attack on Pearl Harbor that it became evident that there were not enough male pilots. Something would have to change.<br />
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In September of 1942, Nancy Love was appointed as the director of the Women’s Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron <span style="font-size: x-small;">(WAFS) </span>under Maj. Tunner and given a chance to prove her skeptics wrong. Nancy initially sent telegrams out to 83 of America’s best women pilots recruiting them as civilian pilots to serve in the Ferry Command. The women had to be between 21 and 35 years of age, logged at least 500 hours in the air, hold a commercial license, a 200-horsepower engine rating and have recent cross-country flying experience.<br />
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Thirty days later, Love had received responses from 23 women interested in the program including barnstormer Teresa James and Cornelia Fort. Of the first 13 accepted, most had a commercial license, were under the age of 35, and averaged more than 1000 hours of flight time. Ultimately, their numbers grew to 28 of the best, most qualified, and experienced female pilots the country had to offer.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsQWDPhkwD6CNtF2Tcxq7ZbZVfySWIC3xxYEKhh3En-jxzRF8jbj0mcWjyf-bxlJAPEBjJLmlYZ2l9fSj3zC6vz6SmErK3Ob5r3vqpSd4zzYisahMa-eZMWPF7PazKQJRyNZpoFdFeZAg/s1600/zoot+suits.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsQWDPhkwD6CNtF2Tcxq7ZbZVfySWIC3xxYEKhh3En-jxzRF8jbj0mcWjyf-bxlJAPEBjJLmlYZ2l9fSj3zC6vz6SmErK3Ob5r3vqpSd4zzYisahMa-eZMWPF7PazKQJRyNZpoFdFeZAg/s320/zoot+suits.jpg" width="210" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Zoot Suits" Army issue mechanics<br />
coveralls worn by WASP trainees</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Stationed at New Castle Army Air Base, these twenty-eight highly qualified, elite civilian women pilots, “The Originals” as they would come to call themselves, began ferrying light aircraft and primary trainers such as Stearmans and PT-19 Fairchilds. They quickly went on to ferry larger aircraft including pursuit planes like the P-38 and P-51.<br />
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<b>Women’s Flying Training Detachment <span style="font-size: x-small;">(WFTD)</span></b><br />
Jackie Cochran requested she be allowed to establish a training program to recruit and train women for flying duties. On September 14th, 1942, General Hap Arnold, Commanding General of the Army Air Forces, approved the WFTD that would recruit and train 500 licensed pilots to ferry planes. The 23-week training program, placed under the direction of Cochran, was based out of Houston. Jackie’s goal was to prove that any healthy, stable young American woman could learn to fly just as well as her male counterparts.<br />
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The first batch of applications was sent to 150 women, 130 of whom responded immediately. Each was personally interviewed by Cochran. Thirty were selected for the first class and notified by telegram to report to Houston at their own expense.<br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnNWKgfLi95jeZK0uP1JMq6udgb7uuTUchjwm16uhirlu6ugaIcP5LSs6EKVFq1XfdE9i2h75JFMS1vu2WTjQ3XMUmwj50EXQFlvUsCaiYcaWSuwXnUYgPOJnu3o2LfwzSS0Jd2lHqXeE/s1600/Life+Cover+1943.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnNWKgfLi95jeZK0uP1JMq6udgb7uuTUchjwm16uhirlu6ugaIcP5LSs6EKVFq1XfdE9i2h75JFMS1vu2WTjQ3XMUmwj50EXQFlvUsCaiYcaWSuwXnUYgPOJnu3o2LfwzSS0Jd2lHqXeE/s320/Life+Cover+1943.jpg" width="234" /></a></div>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Women's Airforce Service Pilots </span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold;">(WASP)</span><br />
From the beginning, the two programs, the WAFS and the WFTD operated independently and without much interaction between their two rival leaders, Jackie Cochran and Nancy Love, until the summer of 1943, when Jackie pushed aggressively for a single unit to control the activity of all women pilots. On August 5th, 1943, the Women’s Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron and the Women’s Flying Training Detachment were merged and were re-designated the Women’s Airforce Service Pilots <span style="font-size: x-small;">(WASP)</span>. Cochran was appointed the Director and Love named WASP executive with the Air Transport Command Ferrying Division.<br />
<br />
On August 5, 1943, the WAFS and the Women’s Flying Training Detachment (WFTD), under the direction of Jacqueline Cochran, were merged into one organization called the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP). Jacqueline was named Director of Women Pilots. Nancy Love was named WASP Executive of the Ferrying Division of ATC. Collectively, these women surpassed all expectations and proved that women could fly military aircraft with as much skill and competency as their male counterparts. The WASP program was deactivated on December 20, 1944.<br />
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Rigorous training included learning to fly the military way with emphasis placed on cross country flying. Applicants were required to be between the ages of 21 and 35. Many of them had more flight hours than male pilots in the Army Air Corps. They followed a strict military regimen; barracks were six to a room and one bathroom for 12 girls. They marched everywhere, did calisthenics and ended their day with taps. They were ladies with a purpose, and took part in parades, infantry drills, barracks inspection and oaths of allegiance just like the male cadets.<br />
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For the WASP who graduated, they were assigned to air bases across the country to ferry planes from points of embarkation. They towed targets, served as flight instructors and flew radio-controlled planes. In the end, they flew over 60 million miles in every military aircraft that was part of the Army Air Corps arsenal. During the program <a href="http://www.twu.edu/downloads/library/WASP_AT_In_Memoriam.pdf">38 women</a> would be killed serving their country.<br />
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They were never formally militarized although every WASP thought they would be before the program was deactivated December 20, 1944. Because the act of militarization required an act of Congress, it was a slow process – one that would not come until 1977, when President Jimmy Carter signed into law legislation awarding the WASP veterans status. Spurred by the 1970s announcement from the Defense Department that for the first time in our nation’s history women would be permitted to fly military planes, the WASP mobilized in order to gain the recognition long overdue acknowledging their service and place in history. With the help of Bruce Arnold, General Hap Arnold’s son, and political help from Senator Barry Goldwater, a WWII veteran who had commanded the WASP in his squadron, the WASP finally gained recognition and were officially militarized.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlClEUFrw-VVncLRLB1H1BblBGBLG3wgSKEXRtGtlwkLSVDYbSEXDEhBJQVsChfCCU3NHa7Epitcp3ShButreCy3EWARY9o98uQIbeyJObhyphenhyphen4kxWKsDxPedq0GfiJRjlTsA-0Koi9IZlM/s1600/Obama+signing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlClEUFrw-VVncLRLB1H1BblBGBLG3wgSKEXRtGtlwkLSVDYbSEXDEhBJQVsChfCCU3NHa7Epitcp3ShButreCy3EWARY9o98uQIbeyJObhyphenhyphen4kxWKsDxPedq0GfiJRjlTsA-0Koi9IZlM/s1600/Obama+signing.jpg" /></a></div>
In 2009, President Barack Obama signed legislation awarding the WASP the highest civilian honor – the Congressional Gold Medal. In March 2010, over 250 surviving WASP were on hand in our nation’s Capital for the ceremony recognizing their contributions to our country during its greatest hour of need.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-89602806831398220482016-06-03T07:14:00.001-04:002016-06-11T11:23:40.951-04:00Speaking Up for Women Flyers (Eleanor Roosevelt)<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLbJRl931HlCNj757QYRC3L7rHFRyYqIxX8xM2cARFagsHq7hI5n3kerHgLrfnc_PTygOAX5qVVzRkOlfetk6sh5swK191MFo5v6ycahFpuwIeZFwo7nuyIZlJ6qjzbpov5-5bTQ0ahjo/s1600/Eleanor+in+1942.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLbJRl931HlCNj757QYRC3L7rHFRyYqIxX8xM2cARFagsHq7hI5n3kerHgLrfnc_PTygOAX5qVVzRkOlfetk6sh5swK191MFo5v6ycahFpuwIeZFwo7nuyIZlJ6qjzbpov5-5bTQ0ahjo/s200/Eleanor+in+1942.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Eleanor Roosevelt (1942)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
"I have a letter from a gentleman who is very much exercised because our women pilots are not being utilized in the war effort. The CAA says that women are psychologically not fitted to be pilots, but I see pictures every now and then of women who are teaching men to fly. We know that in England, where the need is great, women are ferrying planes and freeing innumerable men for combat service.<br />
<br />
It seems to me that in the Civil Air Patrol and in our own ferry command, women, if they can pass the tests imposed upon men, should have an equal opportunity for non-combat service. I always believe that when people are needed, they will eventually be used.<br />
<br />
I believe in this case, if the war goes on long enough, and women are patient, opportunity will come knocking at their doors. However, there is just a chance that this is not a time when women should be patient. We are in a war and we need to fight it with all our ability and every weapon possible. Women pilots, in this particular case, are a weapon waiting to be used. As my correspondent says:<br />
<br />
I think it is time you women spoke up for yourselves and undertook a campaign to see that our 3,500 women fliers, every one of whom is anxious to do something in the war, be given a chance to do it. Hence, I am speaking up for the women fliers, because I am afraid we cannot afford to let the time slip by just now without using them." ~Eleanor Roosevelt (September 1942)Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-61007784578081141832016-06-03T07:14:00.000-04:002016-06-11T07:01:50.759-04:00WASPs<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdb2tgLZA8I9Cpp5h8ZF1RAc8ZeL_GkZz2r_Z2RiCgvQlw7YEVzBJDlr-HzrSuBueMzhe3iDgJcdeNrjO-gJIhF1AZ-RR_iv96waNbWnkIp5VPCts4Di7IyyMlDBIARuda8WgFG_0S_Vs/s1600/WASPS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdb2tgLZA8I9Cpp5h8ZF1RAc8ZeL_GkZz2r_Z2RiCgvQlw7YEVzBJDlr-HzrSuBueMzhe3iDgJcdeNrjO-gJIhF1AZ-RR_iv96waNbWnkIp5VPCts4Di7IyyMlDBIARuda8WgFG_0S_Vs/s400/WASPS.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">AF Art Collection (2010.219) by MIchael Backus</span></span></td></tr>
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<b>About This Art Piece</b><br />
A group portrait of nine Women Airforce Service Pilots <span style="font-size: x-small;">(WASP)</span> from the WWII service period. They are standing in their winter flight gear on the flight line in front of a P-51D Mustang. The women are (from left to right): Dorothy Fulton, Katherine Thompson, Betsy Ferguson, Florene Miller, Delphine Bohn, Dorothy Scott, Terese James, Nancy Batson and Phyllis Burchfield. The pilot in the P-51D is Florence Watson.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-15684250233371699462016-06-03T07:13:00.000-04:002016-06-12T12:37:57.343-04:00WASP History Video (and their Mascot Fifinella)<div style="text-align: center;">
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JufZkWE6Cgg" width="459"></iframe></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbni5mARP8yrCbAMjLWap4DiTXN_bo5ILqasY68kpydTgbovI9oAXcRGMujAi9L9NAwzr4_UTMO4dm6CanX06yOtn9lYgS__dTDfvA5NXUK5CvwGbW-5y8IfXPclK9-wKtfycxeT1WCKM/s1600/Fifinella.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbni5mARP8yrCbAMjLWap4DiTXN_bo5ILqasY68kpydTgbovI9oAXcRGMujAi9L9NAwzr4_UTMO4dm6CanX06yOtn9lYgS__dTDfvA5NXUK5CvwGbW-5y8IfXPclK9-wKtfycxeT1WCKM/s320/Fifinella.jpg" width="216" /></a></div>
<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Fifinella</span></b> was a female gremlin designed by Walt Disney for a proposed film from Roald Dahl's book <i>The Gremlins</i>. The Women Airforce Service Pilots asked permission to use the image as their official mascot and the Disney Company granted them the rights in 1943. </div>
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The original design had the small winged figure coming in for a landing with a red circle in the background; she is portrayed with horns, a yellow flight cap, a red top, yellow slacks, long black gloves, red high-top boots and goggles. Rather than having the figure in a landing pose, the WASPs added a large bomb astride which the figure sat. They dressed her in a red coat and purple trousers and added a dark blue circle for extra impact. Still, there were many custom patches made, so form and color varied from patch to patch.<br />
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Fifinella <span style="text-align: center;">appeared on patches, letterheads, matchbook covers and decals.</span> She also put in appearances in many variations on the noses of bombers: One B-17G Flying Fortress, Fifinella (Serial #42-107030) of the 91st Bomb Group, was named after her. Fifinella was lost on August 13, 1944 on a bombing raid at Le Manoir, France. During the Korean War there was also a B-29 Superfortress (Serial #42-6569) of the 19th Bomb Group named Fifinella.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-66276432822951672112016-06-03T07:00:00.000-04:002016-06-11T14:23:21.184-04:00U.S. Marine Corp Women's Reserve (WR)<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">History of the U.S. Marine Corp Women's Reserve</span></b><br />
<i>Found at History and Collections</i><br />
<i>Women in Military Service for American Memorial Foundation, Inc.</i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-n-NABZdArnaiB7apFZFzEcj20jJWcmXKrOd1VNOoP0o9Z2e1ZzGytr_dcg1-IdHPj5ZPIrDzioJiDCiXf4FCNlIhnMQUp_Corxf0WYRQwcC0Eyk5DIaHNWnH44igBbRxrcTPcom06c0/s1600/Be+A+Marine+WWII.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-n-NABZdArnaiB7apFZFzEcj20jJWcmXKrOd1VNOoP0o9Z2e1ZzGytr_dcg1-IdHPj5ZPIrDzioJiDCiXf4FCNlIhnMQUp_Corxf0WYRQwcC0Eyk5DIaHNWnH44igBbRxrcTPcom06c0/s1600/Be+A+Marine+WWII.jpg" /></a></div>
By 1942, unprecedented manpower demands of the two-front war led to personnel shortages. Although Corps Commandant, General Thomas Holcomb opposed recruiting women, he followed the example of the Army, Navy and Coast Guard and began a drive to “replace men by women in all possible positions.”<br />
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The public anticipated a catchy nickname for the women and bombarded headquarters with suggestions such as Femarines, Glamarines, and even Sub-Marines, but General Holcomb ruled out the cute titles. In a March 1944 issue of Life magazine, he announced, “They are Marines. They don't have a nickname and they don't need one. They get their basic training in a Marine atmosphere at a Marine post. The inherit the traditions of Marines. They are Marines.” In practice, they were usually called Women Reservists, shortened to WRs.<br />
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Ruth Cheney Streeter became their first director. Wife of a prominent businessman, mother of four—including three sons in the service—and a leader for 20 years in New Jersey health and welfare work, Major Streeter had never before held a paying job. Her matronly, dignified demeanor allayed the fears of parents who “were not going to let their little darlings go in among all these wolves unless they thought that someone was keeping a motherly eye on them.”<br />
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In the beginning, some of the volunteers may have longed for home. Training for the WRs consolidated at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, but the change from civilians to Marines began long before their arrival. Recruits traveled to Wilmington, North Carolina, on troop trains of about 500. At the depot, they were lined up, issued paper armbands identifying them as boots (trainees), and ordered to pick up luggage—anybody's luggage—and marched aboard another train. At the other end, shouting NCOs herded them to austere barracks with large, open squadbays, group shower rooms, male urinals, and toilet stalls without doors. No time was allowed for adjustment. A few wondered what they had done and why they had done it.<br />
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Nonetheless, WRs were protected according to the customs of the day. The Marine Corps, renowned for excellent discipline and morale, had no history to help them bridge the gender gap. Women Marines were not pliant teenagers, but rather, adults at least twenty years old; most with work experience, some married; some had children; and a few had grandchildren. Since women were expected to adhere to near-Victorian standards, military leaders assumed a paternalistic attitude and the inevitable occurred—grown women were often treated like school girls. To prevent loneliness and avoid unfavorable comments, no fewer than two WRs were assigned to a station; enlisted women were not assigned to a post unless there was a woman officer in the vicinity; and it was customary to assign women officers to units of twenty-five or more WRs. Women aboard a base, unlike men of equal rank, could not have an automobile!<br />
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Yet the Marine Corps desperately needed their skills and gradually found out how far traditional job limits could be stretched. Five hundred WRs arrived at boot camp every two weeks and matching them to job openings was challenging. In 1943, Marine recruiting brochures promised women openings in thirty-four job assignments; but final statistics at the end of the war recorded WRs in over 225 different specialties, filling 85 percent of the enlisted jobs at Headquarters Marine Corps and comprising one-half to two-thirds of the permanent personnel at major Marine Corps posts.<br />
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Among all the beautifully worded accolades bestowed on women Marines of World War II, is a simple statement from General Holcomb: “Like most Marines, when the matter first came up, I didn't believe women could serve any useful purpose in the Marine Corps . . .Since then, I've changed my mind.”</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-23928392189462056302016-06-03T06:45:00.000-04:002016-06-11T13:34:56.264-04:00Coast Guard Women's Service (SPAR)<div class="style5" style="padding: 0px 0px 7px;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>GREAT Links to Coast Guard Women's Service History</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>found at www.uscg.mil/history/womenindex.asp</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><br /></i><b>Overviews, Articles & Chronologies</b></span></div>
<ul><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSAoh5S8VzquzHKb-cCCjmgHM0Q0We3nbmfKEJok6UT5Fdz4uQfYvRzGt5Spic5xYihYU_-Q9p87UXxUY_XmrhJ9mc0-kmzyfmRgpjW9DNzoKmNXBmkbTK5ZIxxhyKjuxn1kFRyZ7rhVI/s1600/SPARS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSAoh5S8VzquzHKb-cCCjmgHM0Q0We3nbmfKEJok6UT5Fdz4uQfYvRzGt5Spic5xYihYU_-Q9p87UXxUY_XmrhJ9mc0-kmzyfmRgpjW9DNzoKmNXBmkbTK5ZIxxhyKjuxn1kFRyZ7rhVI/s320/SPARS.jpg" width="210" /></a>
<li><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/articles/WomeninCG.pdf"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A History of Women in the Coast Guard</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/uscghist/WomenChronology.asp"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Women in the Coast Guard: A Historical Chronology</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/articles/WomenCGHistory.ppt" style="font-family: inherit;">Women in the United States Coast Guard</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/articles/ppt/2014_womenshistoryPPT.ppsx" style="font-family: inherit;">Celebrating Women in U.S. Coast Guard History</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/uscghist/womenbib.asp"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Women in the Coast Guard: A Historical Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/uscghist/Women_Keepers.asp"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Women Lighthouse Keepers</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/articles/WomenFindFavorWCoastGuardFashion.pdf"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Women Find Favor with Coast Guard Fashion, Women's Uniform Changes in 1974</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/img/USCG-Women-1970s.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Women in the Coast Guard, 1972-1984: A Historic Photo Gallery</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> (Includes images of the first active-duty women, the first to go to sea, and the first women aviators.)</span></li>
<li><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/uscghist/WomenAtUSCGAcademyTimeline.pdf"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Women at the Coast Guard Academy: A Historical Timeline of the Early Years</span></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/articles/1980_CGAFirstFourteenCB.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">First Fourteen</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> (An article covering the women of the Coast Guard Academy Class of 1980 as published in the Commandant's Bulletin Vol. 23-80.)</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>SPARS: The Coast Guard Women's Reserve</b></span><br />
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<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/articles/SPARS.pdf"><span style="font-family: inherit;">SPARS: An Illustrated History of the Coast Guard Women's Reserve in World War II</span></a></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/articles/SPARs-3-YearsMast.pdf">Three Years Behind the Mast: The Story of The United States Coast Guard SPARS</a> by Mary C. Lyne & Kay Arthur, Lieutenants, USCGR(W).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/articles/USCGatWar-SPARs.pdf">U. S. Coast Guard, Public Information Division. The Coast Guard at War: Women's Reserve. Vol. XII. Washington, DC: US Coast Guard, 1946</a> (The official history of the SPARs during World War II).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/docs/1944-SPAR-Songbook.pdf">SPAR Song Book</a> (ca.1944)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/uscghist/USCG_Uniform_Photos_SPARS.asp">SPAR Uniforms: A Historical Photograph Gallery, 1942-1974</a> (jpeg images).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/img/SPARsPhotoGallery1955-1975.pdf">SPARs on Film</a>: (PDF copies of Coast Guard Public Affairs' photographs of SPARs, 1955-1975.)</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Notable Coast Guard Women</b></span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/bios/AtkinDeborah_bio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Deborah Atkin, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/Flags/AustinMeredithL_bio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Meredith L. Austin, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/Maria_Bray.asp" style="font-family: inherit;">Maria Bray, USLHS</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/Flags/BreckenridgeJodyAbio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Jody A. Breckenridge, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/Flags/BriceOHaraSBio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Sally Brice-O'Hara, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/BucciDbio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Diane Bucci, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/Abbie_Burgess.asp" style="font-family: inherit;">Abbie Burgess (Grant), USLHS</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/Flags/CooganCynthiabio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Cynthia A. Coogan, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/Flags/CreaVivienSbio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Vivien Crea, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/bios/DeTienneMarlene_bio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Marlene DeTienne, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/Flags/FaganLindaL_bio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Linda Fagan, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/bios/FauriePearlEobit2008.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Pearl E. Faurie, USCGR (W)</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/FlorenceFinchBio.asp" style="font-family: inherit;">Florence Ebersole Finch (Smith) USCGR (W)</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/faqs/FriedmanE.asp" style="font-family: inherit;">Elizebeth Smith Friedman (Treasury Department, USCG</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/HarrisonHollyCGABulletinAug09.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Holly Harrison, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/HookerOliviaBio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Olivia Hooker, USCGR (W)</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/bios/KelleyBGbio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Beverly G. Kelley, USCG</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> (</span><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/bios/KelleyBGbio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Bio</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">); (</span><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/bios/KelleyBeverly1996article001.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">1996 Coast Guard Magazine article</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> & </span><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/bios/Kelley-Beverly-Ret.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Retirement Brochure</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://coastguard.dodlive.mil/2011/11/making-waves-capt-eleanor-lecuyer/" style="font-family: inherit;">Eleanor C. L'Ecuyer, USCGR</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/flag/biography/MaryLandry.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Mary E. Landry, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/LarsonMogkKretirement.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Kelly (Mogk) Larson, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/IdaLewis.asp" style="font-family: inherit;">Ida Lewis, USLHS</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/Barbara_Mabrity.asp" style="font-family: inherit;">Barbara Mabrity, USLHS</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/Fleming_Makell_Rhonda.asp" style="font-family: inherit;">Rhonda Fleming-Makell, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/bios/MontgomeryThomasania_bio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Thomasania Montegomery, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/MunroEdithBio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Edith Munro, USCGR (W)</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/Flags/NunanJoanna_bio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Joanna Nunan, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/Flags/RyanJuneE_bio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">June E. Ryan, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/salters01.asp" style="font-family: inherit;">Fanny May Salter, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/bios/ShafferMary_bio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Mary Alice "Mike" Shaffer, USCGR</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/StollePAbio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Patricia Stolle, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/Flags/StoszSandraL_bio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Sandra L. Stosz, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/bios/SuttonBarbara_bio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Barbara Sutton, USCGR</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/DStrattonBio.asp" style="font-family: inherit;">Dorothy C. Stratton, USCGR (W)</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/Flags/ThomasCariB_bio.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Cari B. Thomas, USCG</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/Katherine_Walker.asp" style="font-family: inherit;">Katherine Walker, USLHS</a></span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhdT1bNz5gkw5DUxbCPHa7pp7UBroExDqzZcE3dCvCYrAVMkVtAf_kfzAl-e1SU0x67SZCPeElIyn05ZgZGd69kw-LpD5xeizOcI_p2z_23PGW63PXFy6ljUKnZA5X8iAkW-eyvJF_rmUpludncp8oiLfNmCiGD6N6ar0wOAzxKBu2fiMSHpA=" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="A SPARs recruiting poster from World War II" border="0" class="style4" src="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/img/SPAR_Recruiting_Color.jpg" height="242" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; max-width: 589px;" width="450" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Oral Histories & Other First-Person Accounts</b></span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/FlorenceFinchBio.asp" style="font-family: inherit;">SPAR Florence Finch was the only SPAR decorated for combat during World War II</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Florence Finch was a decorated SPAR who saw action in enemy-occupied territory and was the only woman decorated with the Asiatic-Pacific. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/weboralhistory/VasilasLillan08012007.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">SPAR Lillian Vasilas' oral history</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Ms. Vasilas describes her career in the Coast Guard during World War II. She attended basic training at West Palm Beach and then served first as a driver and then as a radio operator in the Washington, D.C. area.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/weboralhistory/kroll/Kroll_Bond_Lenora.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">SPAR ENS Lenora Bond</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> served first as an enlisted SPAR and then went through OCS to become an officer during the war. She served primarily in Recruiting Command. Interview conducted by Dr. Douglas Kroll, USCG AUX.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/weboralhistory/Kroll_WriterHarrietSPAR.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">SPAR LTJG Harriet Writer's oral history</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> LTJG Writer became the first female Quartermaster in either the Navy or the Coast Guard and after earning her commission saw duty with the Aids to Navigation Office in Boston. Interview conducted by Dr. Douglas Kroll, USCG AUX.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/weboralhistory/first_uscg_couple.asp" style="font-family: inherit;">SPAR Donna Ione Smith and Coast Guardsmen Robert Smith;</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> both were veterans of World War II.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/weboralhistory/SandyMittenOralHistory.asp" style="font-family: inherit;">PSC Sandy "Grandma Gunner" Mitten</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> a Coast Guard veteran of Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm who served with PSU-303. She describes her experiences in the Coast Guard Reserve and her time in Saudi Arabia as a patrol boat coxswain during Operation DS/DS.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/weboralhistory/TWA_Flight_800_Pat_Golden.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">TWA Fight 800 Recovery Efforts</a> <span style="font-family: inherit;">A first-person account by CWO Patricia Golden</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/weboralhistory/Egypt_Air_990_Pat_Golden.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">Egypt Air Flight 990 Recovery Efforts</a> <span style="font-family: inherit;">A first-person account by CWO Patricia Golden</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/weboralhistory/SacchettiAndrea09242008.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;">The oral history of LCDR Andrea Sacchetti</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> LCDR Sacchetti served as the Air Operations Officer during the 2008 "Concept of Operations" deployment to Barrow, Alaska</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Historic Documents, Reports & Studies</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />1958: "<a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/docs/1958-SPAR-Rpt.pdf">Report of the Ad Hoc Committee to Consider the Utilization of SPARS in the Coast Guard</a>," April, 1958.<br /><br />1962: "<a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/docs/1962-SPAR-Rpt.pdf">Report of the Board Convened at U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters, Washington, D.C. to Consider the Promotion of Active Duty Officers of the Women's Reserve</a>," December, 1962.<br /><br />1965: <a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/docs/1965-SPAR-Rpt.pdf">Coast Guard Women's Reserve Program (SPAR) recruitment documents</a>, including COMDTINST 1130.4A SPAR 12x3 (RQ1) Enlistment Program (24 May 1965, with Enclosures);<br /><br />1966: <a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/docs/1966-SPAR-Rpt.pdf">COMDTNOTE 1210</a> (15 August 1966) "Officers of the Women's Reserve currently serving on extended active duty; reaffirmation of policy concerning," with supporting historical documentation dating from 1962-1966.<br /><br />1974: <a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/people/women/docs/1974USNSanctuaryStudy.pdf">U.S. Department of the Navy's 1974 report of the evaluation of "Women Aboard USS SANCTUARY (AG 17)" </a>in 1973. This report was utilized by the Coast Guard as they prepared to integrate women on board cutters.<br /><br /><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16.0016px;"></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtJTuM23yjjf43paRa95DEwSsu8nvlkZEwZBl4JwI8Sc6a9U0J6U4hWn1n3lPiyp2AGlw0Rpnno0Tlu2Om6ooDz7AP4YM2Dk6kcRvEwnUpnLVo6u-8LK3-8miWVyFhwU4WyLkHSnjP7gc/s1600/More+Nurses+Are+Needed+US+Army+Nurse+Corp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtJTuM23yjjf43paRa95DEwSsu8nvlkZEwZBl4JwI8Sc6a9U0J6U4hWn1n3lPiyp2AGlw0Rpnno0Tlu2Om6ooDz7AP4YM2Dk6kcRvEwnUpnLVo6u-8LK3-8miWVyFhwU4WyLkHSnjP7gc/s320/More+Nurses+Are+Needed+US+Army+Nurse+Corp.jpg" width="208" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVtithUDjYo">Army Nurse Corp</a> (1901)</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcCIGgmq514jSLwc7K_AokICRsHU6LYQLfr98IgD5Gm01QHRetHF_b7NYBhJcTtMDAdJlyvBNAvtCkJ4w-VucBOKjaBOoIx1p-hzAQ1M4DuOwTl73Ph-H74owG5izvAnkjLmU-yHrEWUE/s1600/Navy+Nurse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcCIGgmq514jSLwc7K_AokICRsHU6LYQLfr98IgD5Gm01QHRetHF_b7NYBhJcTtMDAdJlyvBNAvtCkJ4w-VucBOKjaBOoIx1p-hzAQ1M4DuOwTl73Ph-H74owG5izvAnkjLmU-yHrEWUE/s320/Navy+Nurse.jpg" width="204" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=le7ANXoLSvk">Navy Nurse Corp</a> (1908)</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWvJr5JrSHjOT1xyokWOhLtawk6izMSEwIRUECTT8w8kPwNbqskVPjvrGv-5CGyDaWB7eJXHK8vHWXSb6fJQtgCxf2TSzswb720REPoih9vfgJZ1e8Jr3J2hTmOk7k3vK_VoLUc09v9LE/s1600/US+Cadet+Training+Corp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWvJr5JrSHjOT1xyokWOhLtawk6izMSEwIRUECTT8w8kPwNbqskVPjvrGv-5CGyDaWB7eJXHK8vHWXSb6fJQtgCxf2TSzswb720REPoih9vfgJZ1e8Jr3J2hTmOk7k3vK_VoLUc09v9LE/s320/US+Cadet+Training+Corp.jpg" width="228" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1I3nN0Cdo4">Cadet Nurse Corp</a> (1943)</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyRrTaiXaXI7lzbpPQI0vePovcXXT3qvEkJitkE2x770zSLw-pktOLHUWLVcIT3FhL7NcGVpZX3JvOHmioNzPOzutDgcK2_xIxqsGxweN_g9ZFn_CBKvO8NDaWYdT-QiOrzLCq-BqmeTM/s1600/Air+Force+Nurse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyRrTaiXaXI7lzbpPQI0vePovcXXT3qvEkJitkE2x770zSLw-pktOLHUWLVcIT3FhL7NcGVpZX3JvOHmioNzPOzutDgcK2_xIxqsGxweN_g9ZFn_CBKvO8NDaWYdT-QiOrzLCq-BqmeTM/s320/Air+Force+Nurse.jpg" width="256" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swk4ClMwSCU">Air Force Nurse Corp</a> (1949)</span></td></tr>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-33799994039825964982016-06-01T18:15:00.000-04:002016-06-10T18:46:59.551-04:00U.S. Postal Service Commemorates Women in the Military<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Issued 11 Sep 1952</td></tr>
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The women pictured on the 1952 stamp nearly mirror a photo that was printed in a Department of Defense recruiting brochure. Only one name is known for certain: Candy Jones (second from left). She may be the model wearing the U.S. Army uniform. The names of the other are unknown.<br />
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On Oct. 18, 1997, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 32¢ Women in Military Service stamp in conjunction with the dedication of the Women in Military Service for America Memorial at the entrance to Arlington National Cemetery. The design of this stamp shows uniformed representatives of each service<br />
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George Amick's <i>Linn’s U.S. Stamp Yearbook</i> (1997) notes this stamp was based on a photograph of women dressed in uniforms of enlisted members of the five services. They are, in the order on the stamp, from left to right: Terri Williams (Army); Marialena Bridges (Marines); Christina Johnson (Navy); Theressa Barrett (Air Force); and Joey Brown (Coast Guard).<br />
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Per U.S. Postal Service Policy, stamp designer Dennis Lyall altered the faces so the women in the photograph wouldn’t be recognizable. But there are still certain likenesses.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhprnI6UXiokDetxI4otE-k8A3xpSiFaRX35amo3j2Bg34CFr3k2QyO5Vha20uhqqpovmpoOs6vBavR-eD9rxIrScUZUdqqN4VX6PSPHMAQl3x74eAU84FFZgt78k3FCEscmkzOlhAvrqw/s1600/Gals+on+the+stamp.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhprnI6UXiokDetxI4otE-k8A3xpSiFaRX35amo3j2Bg34CFr3k2QyO5Vha20uhqqpovmpoOs6vBavR-eD9rxIrScUZUdqqN4VX6PSPHMAQl3x74eAU84FFZgt78k3FCEscmkzOlhAvrqw/s200/Gals+on+the+stamp.jpg" /></a>
<li>Williams, received numerous awards during her military service.</li>
<li>After 22 years of service, Bridges retired from the Marine Corps as a master gunnery sergeant. </li>
<li>Johnson was a 1995 graduate of Andress High School. She was a member of the U.S. Navy Ceremonial Guard, then stationed in Norfolk, VA.</li>
<li>Barrett served in the Air Force from 1993-2000, among other places at Andrews Air Force Base in Washington, DC; in Saudi Arabia; and in South Korea.</li>
<li>The remaining woman is unknown, but it's safe to assume she was a member of the Coast Guard.</li>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Issued 18 Oct 1997</span></td></tr>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-49065107817288714592016-05-15T21:10:00.000-04:002016-06-10T17:01:13.669-04:00Woman Ordnance Worker (WOW)<div style="text-align: left;">
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">The Springfield Armory: Forge of Innovation</span></b><br />
<i><a href="http://www.forgeofinnovation.org/">www.forgeofinnovation.org</a></i><br />
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The Armory was better prepared for war production in 1941 than it had been in 1917. At the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the production quota of M1s was 1,100 per day; by July 1943 it nearly doubled to 2,100 per day. At the same time the workforce increased from 7,500 to 12-13,000. As in World War I, women were hired to help overcome the labor shortage induced by the draft; they constituted 20% of the workers by June 1942 and 43% by June 1943. Despite this measure, the workforce declined in number to 11,300-11,800 in the second half of 1943, to 10,900 by June 1944, and to 9,400 by the end of 1944.<br />
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While some leaders only urged women to continue such traditional roles as knitting, buying bonds, stretching rationed foodstuffs and keeping up the nation's morale, others on the home front challenged women to join the ever-growing ranks of America's "production soldiers." In September 1942, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson made public his plan to double the number of women hired in war jobs. Newspaper accounts of that time reported that since 1 June 1942 the number of skilled women workers in the War Department had risen from 3 percent to 10 percent. Almost 35 percent of the department's unskilled workers were women.<br />
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Uncertainty about the willingness and ability of American housewives to assume a larger defense role was expressed nationally as well as locally. One labor analyst warned that, "The employment of millions of untrained workers, including old men, youths, and housewives,...[would] inevitably result in a material and gradual dilution of labor skills, which...[meant] a decline in manpower output." The previously successful employment of women defense workers, according to this same analyst, was "...attributable to the fact that the more experienced and best adapted have naturally been the first employed. As...[the nation drew] more and more upon inexperienced and untrained homemakers, the average efficiency of women...[would] decline."<br />
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During World War II some three million women worked in war plants across the United States. Working women were vital to the war effort, as the loss of men to military service left a workforce shortage in many areas. The U.S. Government undertook a major public relations campaign to encourage women to work. The use of an invented character, Rosie the Riveter, on a brightly colored poster was a powerful propaganda piece.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Woman Operating<br />Chambering Machine</span></td></tr>
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Most of the women employed by the Army had to adjust not only to working outside the home but had to accustom themselves to working under conditions that would have tried the stamina and patience of experienced male industrial workers. In addition, many of the women workers at both arsenals contributed what little spare time they had to supporting a variety of home front activities such as Red Cross work, war bond drives, and packaging special seasonal boxes for distribution to soldiers overseas.</div>
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The pressures of work, the strain of trying to keep up with family obligations, the stress of worrying about loved ones fighting in the war or being held prisoner behind enemy lines, the lack of adequate rest and nutrition, even ill health all contributed to higher levels of absenteeism among women workers. To keep up the morale of all their workers, Army officials sponsored special after-hours social events such as dances. Another was the September 29th, 1943, big band concert by Benny Goodman and his Spotlight Band given to the employees on the grounds near the Main Arsenal (housing the present-day Museum of Springfield Armory National Historic Site). Special awards ceremonies were held so that employees could be a part of the recognition given to the production successes enjoyed by all workers.<br />
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">WOWs to the Rescue!</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1nhO3hESNWOhv3L9tX0RPnLzO89nCb-3JGkgXBX8rSgdtGETWtC7qZg-gh_DFjgfAwOBrMmS_J8wwThZeb7B3qx6h_oj5RoGACuWJKb6w5l3Iun2L0YaRh7SkyN0bOjVu0uDuBDHMcCs/s1600/WOW+Bandana.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1nhO3hESNWOhv3L9tX0RPnLzO89nCb-3JGkgXBX8rSgdtGETWtC7qZg-gh_DFjgfAwOBrMmS_J8wwThZeb7B3qx6h_oj5RoGACuWJKb6w5l3Iun2L0YaRh7SkyN0bOjVu0uDuBDHMcCs/s200/WOW+Bandana.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
Throughout Springfield Armory's history, women played an important role. Women worked in many different departments, including machine operators, inspectors, and assemblers. In World War I, 15% of the workers were women. At the height of World War II, over 5,000 Women Ordnance Workers <span style="font-size: x-small;">(WOW)</span> comprised 42% of the Armory's workforce.<br />
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The WOW concept was created to foster patriotic spirit and identification with the war effort by women working in the U.S. Army's war production sites. WOWs wore a red bandana with distinctive markings of a flaming bomb ... not only for safety reasons but from a sense of pride, accomplishment and achievement in their contributions to the war effort. When those bandanas were paired with blue all-purpose coveralls, those WOWs were nothing if not patriotic!</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-47867669833622312332016-05-15T09:09:00.000-04:002016-06-11T14:30:58.236-04:00Inspiration for Iconic Rosie the Riveter Image Dies<div id="5575b62ff2cab" style="orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; widows: 1;">
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">DECEMBER 30, 2010 / By </span><a href="http://www.history.com/news/author/editor" style="font-size: x-small;">History.com Staff</a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>At 17, a young factory worker named Geraldine Doyle unwittingly inspired J. Howard Miller’s iconic “We Can Do It!” poster, an image that later became a powerful symbol of American women’s contributions during World War II and of female empowerment. More than four decades would go by before she learned that she had become the face of Rosie the Riveter. Doyle died on December 26 in Lansing, Michigan, at the age of 86.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In 1942, a United Press International photographer visited a metal pressing factory outside Detroit and took a snapshot of a slim, fresh-faced brunette leaning over a machine. The picture enchanted the graphic artist J. Howard Miller, who had been hired by the Westinghouse Company to design a series of motivational posters aimed at boosting female factory workers’ morale. He incorporated its pretty young subject’s face and polka-dot headscarf into one of the posters, which features a determined-looking woman flexing her right bicep under the slogan “We Can Do It!” Decades later, the poster became one of America’s most recognizable emblems of women’s empowerment, spawning countless imitations and reproduced on everything from mugs and magnets to postage stamps.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Geraldine Hoff Doyle, the real-life inspiration behind the iconic poster, died on December 26 in Lansing, Michigan, at the age of 86. Just 17 when the photographer captured her, she had taken a factory job after graduating high school, one of 6 million women who entered the workforce during World War II to plug gaping holes in the industrial labor force. An aspiring cellist, Doyle left after just two weeks of employment when she learned that the machinery had badly injured another worker’s hands. She found a position at a soda fountain and bookstore, where she met her future husband, Leo, in 1943. The couple had six children and ran a successful dental practice.<br /><br />More than four decades would go by before Doyle learned of the poster’s existence and discovered that her likeness had inspired a pop culture reference. Paging through a magazine one day in 1984, she spotted a photograph of the poster and recognized her younger self. In a 2002 interview with the Lansing State Journal, Doyle, who began making frequent appearances in Michigan to sign posters, explained that motherhood and daily life had kept her too busy to realize she had become the face of Rosie the Riveter. “I was changing diapers all the time,” she said.<br /><br />Unlike another famous depiction, painted by Norman Rockwell and featured on a Saturday Evening Post cover in 1943, the “We Can Do It!” poster was not originally intended as a portrayal of Rosie the Riveter, who was first immortalized in a 1942 hit song and starred in numerous government-sponsored recruitment campaigns. One of many in Miller’s series, the poster was barely seen outside Westinghouse factories in the Midwest, where women were making plastic helmet liners. It was not until later, when feminists rediscovered the poster during the 1970s and 1980s, that it achieved its iconic status and became associated with the World War II-era character.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-45217897424828426212016-05-15T09:08:00.000-04:002016-06-10T16:55:27.444-04:00ROSIE THE RIVETER SONG<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/D2E613J9m0I" width="459"></iframe>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-80152403647021226972016-05-15T08:30:00.000-04:002016-06-10T14:56:04.516-04:00Women's Land Army (WLA)<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><b>The Women's Land Army</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><i>found at www.britannica.com</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">The Women’s Land Army<span style="font-size: x-small;"> (WLA)</span>
was a U.S. federally established organization that from 1943 to 1947
recruited and trained women to work on farms left untended owing to the labor
drain that arose during World War II.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><a href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/Womens-Land-Army/images-videos/A-member-of-the-Womens-Land-Army-working-in-a/149189"><o:p></o:p></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">By the summer of 1942,
American farmers faced a severe labor shortage—since 1940 some six million
farm laborers had left the fields for higher-paying wartime factory jobs or
for service in the armed forces. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Radio stations and newspapers made urgent pleas
for volunteers to help with the harvest. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Women with little or no agricultural
experience answered the call and, on an informal basis, saved countless crops
from rotting in the fields. It soon became clear, however, that the situation
required a more organized approach if the nation was to mobilize a reliable
force of farm workers. By 1943 the U.S. Congress had allocated funds for the
Emergency Farm Labor Service, which included the recruitment, training and
placement of a female corps of farm laborers to be known as the Women’s Land
Army, a subdivision of the United States Crop Corps. Recruits were not expected
to have farming experience, but the WLA specified that applicants be physically
fit and possess manual dexterity, patience, curiosity and patriotism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">The WLA recruited more
than a million female workers, drawn from the ranks of high school and college
students, beauticians, accountants, bank tellers, teachers, musicians and many
other occupations. The women worked long hours driving tractors, tending crops,
and even shearing sheep. Most laborers received an unskilled worker’s wage—25
to 40 cents per hour—out of which they were to pay for their denim overall
uniforms and their meals and lodging in temporary camps, summer cabins and
private homes. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Most workers did not join the WLA to make money but wanted to
contribute to the war effort. By the end of 1944, the WLA had more than proved
itself as an indispensable brigade of hard workers, and farmers were eager to
enlist their services in the upcoming season. Women continued to volunteer
their services in the immediate postwar period.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-10912612309050331212016-04-15T12:49:00.000-04:002016-06-10T10:27:29.936-04:00The "Hello" Girls of WWI<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">History of the Signal Corp Female Telephone Operators Unit<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Although the term '</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Hello Girls' was used by the Signal Corps, it did not originate there. It had been the common name used for switchboard operators who would say "hello" when you rang the switch as opposed to calling direct.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The earliest reference to Hello Girls is in Mark Twain's </span><i style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;">A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court</i></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #666666;"> written in 1889.</span></b> </span></div>
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The history of the Signal Corp "Hello Girls" begins in late 1917 when General Pershing made his emergency appeal for bilingual telephone switchboard operators. Published in newspapers throughout the United States, it specifically sought French-speaking American women who held the position of switchboard operator in the new Bell Telephone Company.<br />
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Pershing wanted women because, as he stated, they have the patience and perseverance to do long, arduous detailed work. He had found that men in the Signal Corps had difficulty operating the switchboards for these reasons. He also wanted men to be in the field stringing wire necessary for communication from the trenches to the A.E.F. GHQ at Chaumont. It was the first time in the history of warfare that soldiers in the front-lines were connected to the General command.<br />
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Over 7,000 American women applied. There were few, however, among the 700 volunteers throughout Bell Telephone, who spoke French. In selecting the first 300, the age requirement and even the switchboard training was waived. Married women were accepted if not married to anyone serving overseas.<br />
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After being sworn into the U.S. Army, they began their Signal Corps training at Camp Franklin, now a part of Fort George G. Meade in Maryland. They were given the same status as nurses and were subject to all Army regulations, including Court-Martial, with ten extra regulations placed on them to assure their moral character. They had the rank of lieutenant and had to buy their own uniforms.<br />
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The first operators left for Europe in March 1918, under the lead of Chief Operator Grace Banker. Members of this unit were soon operating telephones in many exchanges of the American Expeditionary Forces in Paris, Chaumont and seventy-five other French locations as well as British locations in London, Southampton and Winchester.<br />
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Because they were considered civilians employees of the military, they were not given honorable discharges because Army regulations specified the male gender. In 1978, the 60th anniversary of the end of World War I, Congress approved Veteran Status/Honorable discharges for the remaining Signal Corp Hello Girls. For the seventy women still alive, there was nation-wide coverage in the newspaper. Each was visited by a General of the U.S. Army and handed her Honorable Discharge in a ceremony at her home.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-16854860847604882502016-04-15T11:45:00.000-04:002016-06-10T10:21:10.511-04:00WWI Motor Corp of America<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">History of the Motor Corp of America</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqm6n5NecLPc4Qrb9c6MmHsmue2s-YiwI76N0HZoJloHDB1HdL-mUC-vbm3uCFBoEsq0LRBq-qYNso3gYmTD0Ks5bULuwdQ6mDsSUBL42EEYgEFWBERQvmT07y6H3SGFUMmIw4vDdSTS8/s1600/Motor+Corp+of+America.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqm6n5NecLPc4Qrb9c6MmHsmue2s-YiwI76N0HZoJloHDB1HdL-mUC-vbm3uCFBoEsq0LRBq-qYNso3gYmTD0Ks5bULuwdQ6mDsSUBL42EEYgEFWBERQvmT07y6H3SGFUMmIw4vDdSTS8/s320/Motor+Corp+of+America.jpg" width="236" /></a></div>
In response to World War I women began to take on new responsibilities in the war effort. The MotorCorps of America provided the opportunity for women to learn to drive and maintain vehicles. Here we see buttons and signage from a New York City Motor Corps volunteer named Dorothea Harnecker, donated to the City Museum by her daughter Mrs. Beatrice Stone.<br />
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The Motor Corps of America was a volunteer effort established by the National League of Women’s Services and the Red Cross. The organization provided transportation and ambulatory services to military personnel. The Motor Corps was one of the most demanding divisions of the league and required a chauffeur’s license, mechanic’s license, and many hours of training.<br />
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Continue reading at the Museum of the City of New York site by clicking <b><a href="https://blog.mcny.org/2015/02/03/the-civilian-war-effort-in-new-york-city-during-world-war-i-and-world-war-ii/">HERE</a></b>.<br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-72552690348318760532016-04-15T07:23:00.000-04:002016-06-09T11:52:24.055-04:00The "Marinettes" of WWI<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH9laIAh08pngGCHz4Q9r4W_QlIiMIvCclUjh9y7t1bUcVqRqcu5a-rZW138yYNUC6WyBy3pzn3HojW1u548ogocsSUDkT0hEZvDyL62ApvWHziTL4CUCRTxReIzd0CWPn-mcVW7ayO_k/s1600/WWI+Poster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH9laIAh08pngGCHz4Q9r4W_QlIiMIvCclUjh9y7t1bUcVqRqcu5a-rZW138yYNUC6WyBy3pzn3HojW1u548ogocsSUDkT0hEZvDyL62ApvWHziTL4CUCRTxReIzd0CWPn-mcVW7ayO_k/s320/WWI+Poster.jpg" width="242" /></a></div>
<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">History of the Marinettes</span></b><br />
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Faced with manpower shortages in 1918, Major General Commandant George Barnett asked the Secretary of the Navy's permission to enlist women for clerical duties during World War I. The first woman to enroll in the Marines was Opha Mae Johnson on 13 August 1918. 305 more women joined, serving only in the United States. At the end of the war, they left the Marine Corps to return to domestic life.<br />
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Marine Corp Reservist (F) was the only official title by which the Corps first enlisted women were known, however, throughout the duration of their service many nicknames were coined to identify them. On the occasion of their first official visit to Quantico on 21 November 1918, Corporal Elizabeth Shoemaker heard the title 'Lady Hell Cats' used for the first time when an enthusiastic marine shouted it from the crowd as they marched by.<br />
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During a party planned for the women that same evening, Corporal Shoemaker recalled overhearing one disgruntled young Marine telling his buddies: "This is a fallen outfit when they start enlisting skirts," hence 'Skirt Marines' was added to the growing list. But the most popular and most widely used of all the nicknames was 'Marinette'. </div>
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"The United States Marine Corps frowned upon the use of the word 'Marinette'," remembered Corporal Avadney Hea, "they posted notices every once in a while on the bulletin board, that we were not to be referred to as 'Marinettes'. We were United States Marine Corps reservists with (F) after it, indicating female. We were not to be called 'Marinettes'. The Marine Corps didn't like it."</div>
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In spite of that fact, however, many people still refer to the Marine Reserves (F) as Marinettes.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEOJwha1RGehoVJVsYLBQguwHusXkBOaNgTP7XyJsOkfDHB81gfADDMo1W0eXAKDpZk2_K3vxcCDkg6NsvyVociNHbbPpzsefhkbI6uoTAT4tzq4Sm7jtKafVkkw_wcF-FnRtQHHwFQS4/s1600/Marinettes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEOJwha1RGehoVJVsYLBQguwHusXkBOaNgTP7XyJsOkfDHB81gfADDMo1W0eXAKDpZk2_K3vxcCDkg6NsvyVociNHbbPpzsefhkbI6uoTAT4tzq4Sm7jtKafVkkw_wcF-FnRtQHHwFQS4/s1600/Marinettes.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Marine Reservists (F) pose for a photograph at Headquarters, <br />
Marine Corp, Washington, DC in 1918.<br />
(Photo: Marine Reserve/Marine Corps Archives)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Click <b><a href="http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/Women%20Marines%20in%20World%20War%20I%20%20PCN%2019000305000_1.pdf">HERE</a></b> to read <i>Women Marines in World War I</i>.<br />
Click <b><a href="http://ophamaejohnsonthemarinettewhodid.weebly.com/">HERE</a></b> to read about Opha Mae Johnson.</div>
<div>
<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7793741362263707650.post-21243816267604389442016-03-15T12:50:00.000-04:002016-06-11T19:21:32.108-04:00Military Women During Peacetime ... A Chronology<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1947</b>: lotus Mort becomes the first female
warrant officer in the Corps.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Army-Navy Nurse Act
of <b>1947 </b>makes the Army Nurse Corps and Women's Medical Specialist Corps part of
the Regular Army and gives permanent commissioned officer status to Army and
Navy nurses.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1948</b>: President Harry
Truman signs Public Law 625 (the Women's Armed Services Integration Act) on
June 30, 1948. It grants women permanent status in the Regular and Reserve
forces of the Army, Navy and Marine Corp as well as the newly created Air
Force.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Colonel Katherine
A. Towle declared the first Director of Women Marines.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">First group of women
sworn into the regular Marine Corps</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Executive Order 9981
ends racial segregation in the armed services.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1949</b>: The first
African-American women enlist in the Marine Corps.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Air Force Nurse Corps is
established.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1953</b>: The first woman
physician is commissioned as a medical officer in the Regular Army.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Navy Hospital Corps
women are assigned positions aboard Military Sea Transportation Service <span style="font-size: x-small;">(MSTS) </span>ships
for the first time.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1960</b>: First woman Marine
is promoted to E-9 — Master Gunnery Sergeant, Geraldine M. Moran.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1961</b>: The first woman
Marine is promoted to Sergeant Major (E-9) — Bertha Peters Billeb.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1965</b>: The Marine Corps
assigns the first woman to attaché duty. Later, she is the first woman Marine
to serve under hostile fire. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1967</b>: President Johnson
signs <a href="http://legislink.org/us/pl-90-130">Pub.L. 90–130</a>. This
removes many of the restrictions on women in the military imposed by Public Law
625. Female officers can be promoted to (Colonel) and above.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1968</b>: The first Air
Force woman is sworn into the Air National Guard <span style="font-size: x-small;">(ANG) </span>with the
passage of Public Law 90-130, which allows the ANG to enlist women.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1969</b>: Air Force Reserve Officers
Training Corps <span style="font-size: x-small;">(AFROTC)</span> opens to women.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1970</b>: The first women in
the history of the armed forces, the Chief of the Army Nurse Corps and the
Women's Army Corps Director, are promoted to brigadier general.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1971</b>: The first Air
Force woman is promoted to brigadier general.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">An Air Force woman
completes Aircraft Maintenance Officer's School and becomes the first woman
aircraft maintenance officer.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman is
assigned as a flight surgeon in the Air Force and the Air Force Reserve.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">A staff sergeant becomes
the first female technician in the Air Force Reserve.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1972</b>: The Reserve
Officer Training Corps <span style="font-size: x-small;">(ROTC)</span> is opened to Army and Navy women.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Chief of Naval
Operations, Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt, publishes Z-116 declaring the Navy's
commitment to equal rights and opportunities for women.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Hospital Ship <i>USS
Sanctuary</i> is the first Naval vessel to sail with a male/female crew.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Navy promotes the
first woman to rear admiral, Director of the Navy Nurse Corps.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1973</b>: The end of draft
and the establishment of the All Volunteer Force opens the door for expanding
service women's roles and numbers.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first Navy women
earn military pilot wings.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman in the
history of the armed forces is promoted to major general.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Navy accepts its
first woman chaplain.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Supreme Court rules
unconstitutional inequities in benefits for the dependents of military women.
Until then, military women with dependents were not authorized housing nor were
their dependents eligible for the benefits and privileges afforded the
dependents of male military members, such as medical, commissary and post
exchange, etc.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1974</b>: An Army woman
becomes the first woman military helicopter pilot.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1975</b>: The term Woman
Marine is discontinued; all women in the Marine Corps are considered Marines.
Women are allowed in every occupation or billet except Infantry, Artillery, and
pilot-aircrew, because of general service restrictions.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">DoD reverses policies
and provides pregnant women with the option of electing discharge or remaining
on active duty. Previous policies required women be discharged upon pregnancy
or the adoption of children.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Air Force places the
first woman on operational crew status.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1976</b>: Women are admitted
to the service academies.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Navy promotes the
first woman line officer to rear admiral.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Air Force selects
the first woman reservist for the undergraduate pilot training program.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1977</b>: The first Coast
Guard women are assigned to sea duty as crew members aboard the <i>USCGC
Morgenthau</i> and <i>Gallatin</i>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Military veteran status
is granted to the <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Women Airforce Service Pilots</span></b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;"> </span></b>(WASP)</span> who flew
during WWII.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1978</b>: The Coast Guard
opens all assignments to women.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Colonel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_A._Brewer">Margaret A. Brewer</a> is
promoted to Brigadier General, becoming the first woman Marine general officer</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first Army woman is
promoted to two-star general. She is also the first woman officer to command a
major military installation.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Air Force Strategic
Air Command <span style="font-size: x-small;">(SAC)</span> assigns the first woman aircrew member to alert
duty.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Judge John Sirica rules
the law banning Navy women from ships to be unconstitutional. Congress amends
the law by opening non combat ships to women. The <i>USS Vulcan</i>, a repair
ship, receives the first of many Navy women to be assigned shipboard under the
amended law.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Women's Army
Corps </span></b><span style="font-size: x-small;">(WAC)</span> is disestablished and its members integrated into the
Regular Army.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1979</b>: An Army Nurse
Corps officer becomes the first African-American woman brigadier general in the
history of the armed forces.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman to
command a military vessel assumes command of the Coast Guard cutter <i>USCGC
Cape Newagen</i>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman Naval
aviator obtains carrier qualification.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Marine Corps assigns
the first women as embassy guards.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1980</b>: The first women
graduate from the service academies.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman is
assigned to command a Naval Training Command.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1982</b>: The Air Force
selects the first woman aviator for Test Pilot School.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Marine Corps
prohibits women from serving as embassy guards.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1983</b>: The first Navy
woman completes Test Pilot School.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Approximately 200 Army
and Air Force women are among the forces deployed to Grenada on Operation
Urgent Fury. Women serve on air crews, as military police, and as
transportation specialists.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman in any
reserve component, an Air Force Reserve officer, is promoted to brigadier general.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1984</b>: For the first time
in history, the Naval Academy's top graduate is a woman.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">A Coast Guard officer is
the first woman to serve as a Presidential Military Aide.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1985</b>: For the first time
in history, the Coast Guard Academy's top graduate is a woman.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Colonel <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gail_M._Reals&action=edit&redlink=1">Gail
M. Reals</a> is the first woman selected by a board of general officers to
advance to brigadier general.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first Air Force
Reserve nurse is promoted to brigadier general.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1986</b>: Six Air Force
women serve as pilots, copilots and boom operators on the KC-135 and KC-10
tankers that refuel FB-111s during the raid on Libya.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">For the first time in
history, the Air Force Academy's top graduate is a woman.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">A Navy woman becomes the
first female jet test pilot in any service.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Coast Guard's rescue
swimmer program graduates its first woman.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1987</b>: The Navy assigns
its first woman Force Master Chief and Independent Duty Corpsman to serve at
sea.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first enlisted woman
is assigned as Officer-In-Charge aboard a Coast Guard vessel.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1988</b>: NASA selects its
first Navy woman as an astronaut.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Coast Guard's Chief
Warrant Officer to Lieutenant program promotes its first woman.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Marine women are again
assigned as embassy guards.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1989</b>: 770 women deploy
to Panama in Operation Just Cause. Two women command Army companies in the
operation and three women Army pilots are nominated for Air Medals. Two receive
the Air Medal with "V" device for participation in a combat mission.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">For the first time in
history, the U.S. Military Academy (West Point) names a woman as its Brigade
Commander and First Captain.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">NASA selects its first
Army woman as an astronaut.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Navy assigns its
first woman as Command Master Chief at sea.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">A woman is the first
person trained for a new specialty, Coast Guard Flight Officer. These officers
are responsible for tactical coordination of the drug interdiction efforts
aboard Coast Guard aircraft.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1990</b>: Cmdr. Darlene
Iskra becomes the first woman to command a U.S. Navy ship, the <i>USS Opportune</i>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Persian Gulf War (1990-1991):</b> Some 40,000 American military women are deployed during Operations
Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Two Army women are taken prisoner by the
Iraqis.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1991</b>: The Navy assigns
the first women to command a Naval Station and an aviation squadron.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Air Force Reserve
selects its first woman senior enlisted advisor.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Congress repeals laws
banning women from flying in combat.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">For the first time in
history, a woman is named Brigade Commander at the Naval Academy.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1992</b>: Brigadier
General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_A._Mutter">Carol A.
Mutter</a> assumes command of the 3d Force Service Support Group, Okinawa,
the first woman to command a Fleet Marine Force unit at the flag
level.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first active duty
woman Coast Guard officer is promoted to captain (O-6).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1993</b>: The Marine Corps
opens pilot positions to women.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">2nd Lieutenant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Deal">Sarah Deal</a> became the
first woman Marine selected for Naval aviation training.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Congress repeals the law
banning women from duty on combat ships. Women deploy with the <i>USS Fox</i>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman Naval
aviator serves with a combat squadron.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman assumes
command of a Naval base.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Army names a woman
Drill Sergeant of the Year for the first time in the 24-year history of this
competition.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Army assigned its
first woman combat pilot.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Air Force assigns
the first woman to command an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile <span style="font-size: x-small;">(ICBM)</span> unit.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman service
secretary in the history of the armed forces is appointed.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman in any
reserve component is promoted to major general.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Air Force assigns
the first woman to command an air refueling unit.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Coast Guard promotes
the first active duty woman to master chief.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Coast Guard assigns
the first woman as Chief Judge.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1994</b>: The <i>USS
Eisenhower</i> is the first carrier to have permanent women crew members.
Sixty-three women are initially assigned.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">1994: Brigadier General Mutter
became the first woman major general in the Marine Corps, and the
senior woman on active duty in the armed services.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman assumes
command of a Naval Air Station.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman, an Air
Force major, copilots the space shuttle.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Air Force Reserve
gets its first woman fighter pilot.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1995</b>: An Air Force
lieutenant colonel becomes the first woman space shuttle pilot.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Sarah Deal becomes the first female Marine
pilot to pin on Naval flight wings.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first
African-American woman, an Air Force officer, is promoted to major general.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1996</b>: Lieutenant General
Mutter becomes the first woman Marine and the first woman in the history of the
armed services to wear three stars.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">For the first time a woman
fires Tomahawk cruise missiles from a warship in a combat zone.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman commands
the Army's Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman commands
an operational flying wing.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1997</b>: The Army promotes
its first woman to lieutenant general.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Army assigns the
first woman and the first non-doctor to command an Army hospital. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman in
history is appointed as a state adjutant general.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first women Marines
attend Marine Combat Training.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1998</b>: For the first
time, a woman fighter pilot delivers a payload of missiles and laser-guided
bombs in combat. She is in the first wave of U.S. strikes against Iraq in
Operation Desert Fox.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Air National Guard
promotes the first woman to major general.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>1999</b>: The Air Force
promotes its first woman to lieutenant general.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">For the first time, a
woman, an Air Force lieutenant colonel, commands the space shuttle.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first women graduate
from the Virginia Military Institute and the Citadel.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman and
first African-American commands the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration Corps <span style="font-size: x-small;">(NOAA)</span>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first
African-American woman is selected to command a Navy ship.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>2000</b>: The Air Force
promotes the first woman pilot to brigadier general.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first Coast Guard
women, an active duty officer and a reservist, are promoted to flag officer
rank.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Navy women are among the
victims and heroes when the <i>USS Cole</i> is attacked by a suicide bomber
in Yemen.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman commands
a Navy warship at sea. The vessel is assigned to the sensitive Persian Gulf.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Army National Guard
promotes the first woman to major general.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>2001</b>: The Army promotes
the first woman to brigadier general in the Judge Advocate General's Corps. She
is also the first Asian-Pacific-American woman promoted to brigadier general.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">An Air National Guard
security force woman becomes the first woman to complete the counter-sniper
course, the only military sniper program open to women.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The U.S. Army Women's
Museum opens at Ft. Lee, VA.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Terrorists high jack
four commercial aircraft, crash two into the World Trade Center, one into a
field in Pennsylvania and one into the Pentagon. In the attack at the Pentagon
125 people were killed on the ground and 59 passengers lose their lives; ten
active duty, reserve and retired servicewomen are among the casualties.
Servicewomen are activated and deployed in support of the war on terrorism.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>2002</b>: An enlisted woman
Marine is killed in an aircraft crash in Pakistan, the first woman to die in
Operation Enduring Freedom, part of the Global War on Terror.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Defense Advisory
Committee on Women in the Services <span style="font-size: x-small;">(DACOWITS)</span> is issued a new charter
narrowing its focus to issues pertaining to military families, recruitment,
readiness and retention. A retired Marine three-star general is appointed
chairman of the new, downsized advisory committee.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">For the first time in
its history, the Army National Guard promotes an African-American woman to the
rank of brigadier general.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">For the first time in U.S. history, a woman becomes the top enlisted advisor</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">in any of the military
components. She is sworn in as the Command Sergeant Major of the U.S. Army
Reserve.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>2003</b>: The first Native
American servicewoman is killed in battle. She was one of three women who
became prisoners of war during the first days of the war in Iraq.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>2004</b>: By year’s end, 19
servicewomen had been killed as a result of hostile action since the war in
Iraq had begun in 2003, the most servicewomen to die as a result of hostile
action in any war that the nation had participated. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman in U.S. Air Force history takes command of a fighter squadron.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>2005</b>: The first woman in
history is awarded the Silver Star for combat action. She is one of 14 women in
U.S. history to receive the medal.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">An Air Force woman
becomes the Air Force Academy’s Commandant of Cadets, the No. 2 position at the
nation’s service academies. She is the first woman in the history of any of the
academies to be appointed to this position.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The first woman in U.S. Air Force history joins the prestigious USAF Air Demonstration Squadron “Thunderbirds.”
She was also the first woman on any U.S. military high performance jet
team. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>2006</b>: The Coast Guard
appoints the first woman Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard, making her the
first woman in history to serve as a deputy service chief in any of the U.S. Armed Forces.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Marine Corps assigns
the first woman Marine in history to command a Recruit Depot.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>2007</b>: The first woman in U.S. Naval history takes command of a fighter squadron.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The last woman veteran
of World War I dies, a former yeoman (F).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>2008</b>: For the first time
in U.S. military history, a woman is promoted to the rank of four-star general.
She is promoted by the U.S. Army.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>2013</b>: Major Nicole
Aunapu Mann becomes the first woman Marine officer to be accepted into the NASA
space program as an astronaut. </span></li>
</ul>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0